tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-156447012024-03-05T04:42:47.413-05:00Vegetarian In BostonVegetarian In Boston
Maynard S. Clark's Veggie and Boston Blog talks about vegetarian topics AND Boston-related topics, often intersecting them interestingly.
Maynard S. Clark is a long-time and well-known vegan in Greater Boston, who often quips in his 'elevator pitch':
"I've been vegan now for over half my natural life, longer than most human earthlings have been alive."Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.comBlogger1030125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-1525796266146359102019-08-08T16:00:00.001-04:002019-08-08T16:00:59.647-04:00TIME for a PUBLIC OPTION on plantmilks?? Let's not WAIT UNTIL we get sick. Let's get our plantmilks NOW.<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;">TIME for a PUBLIC OPTION on plantmilks?</span></b><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;">?<br /><i>Let's not WAIT UNTIL we get sick.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;">Let's get our plantmilks NOW.</span></i><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;">So MUCH competition in the plantmilk space is broadening opportunities for consumers to try an array of very different plantmilks (not all plantmilks are the same - in fact, NO plantmilks are the same as any other plantmilks; they ALL differ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />But if ACCESS to plantmilks is the issue, there are SOME locations - by zip code - where plantmilks are NOT immediately accessible to coffee drinkers, cereal eaters, and others who tipple at the extruded plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />Arguably, all this competition in the plantmilk space may be great for consumers, but the price point BENEFITS of competition cannot be GREAT for the fiscal sustainability of all these risk-taking innovators.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />Some plantmilk producers will WIN - and some may go out of business after they have done 'their yeoman's duty' to expand the market for plantmilks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />Is it not time for some public strategy for dispersing plantmilks among the ENTIRE human population - maybe granting plantmilk as a protected right - so that everyone can have some plantmilk when and where they need it, and so that the nation's farmers can know that there's a continuing demand for high quality organic non-GMO plants to supply this industrial demand for producing soymilk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />In nations outside the USA, a national healthcare plan can mandate universal coverage yet periodically open to competitive bidders for supplying the national 'right to healthcare'! A national right to plantmilks could be organized the same way without disemboweling competitors who want to continue producing. Those additional competitors would just not win the federal contract for supplying the public option, and the public option could be 95% powered by private industry efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />What MIGHT be DIFFERENT (and hopefully BETTER) would be ACCESS to nondairy plantmilks, nondairy cheeses, nondairy creamers, and (I think that this would be INESSENTIAL) nondairy desserts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />I'd wager that restaurants in THAT kind of economic regime would carry plantmilks as a rule because it's a right, not because they suddenly took pity on the paying consumer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />Those who declare 'SOY MILK IS A RIGHT' can build upon their public values.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.98px;"><br />Plantmilk availability COULD become or be declared ethically normative in such a society.</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-55238177317413406612016-08-14T17:09:00.000-04:002016-08-14T17:09:21.687-04:00Urgent Need to Green All Industrialization Globally<div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Contemplate what industrialization allows to come into the environment from the individuals who own and/or control the use of that industrialization:</div>
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Israel’s targets included a 25% reduction of its 2005 greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 – limiting residents to 7.7 tons of carbon dioxide per capita. The government’s plan also involved making renewable energy resources responsible for 17% of the country’s electricity usage by 2030, as well as reducing overall electricity consumption by the same percentage. The targets also included a 20% decrease in private vehicle usage.</blockquote>
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My thinking is, don't blame the nations as much as the ecologically TRAGIC state of industrialization, which requires MUCH more greening globally. Currently, industrialization is used for privately-controlled profits; whatever the rhetoric, private advantage is ADVANTAGED by currently ownership of industrialization.</div>
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If the public were not so negatively impacted by its use, such a condition MIGHT be tolerable; however, because the general public worldwide IS so negatively impacted by the use of industrializaed technologies in their currently 'un-greened' state, mere 'public buy-in' to their use (as in cellphone, computer, A/C, and vehicular use do NOT excuse the perpetuation of their unmitigated use without massively-funded and staffer programs to green those currently-tragic technologies and to migitage the harms that their widespread use cause to lots and lots of vulnerable persons, both human AND nonhuman.</div>
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Time is short. I would be interested (ONLY) in USEFUL and HISTORICALLY CONSTRUCTIVE comments on how we can move forward with <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=greening+all+industrialization&oq=greening+all+industrialization&aqs=chrome..69i57.2198j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">greening all industrialization</a> for life on this planet Earth.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-26715245877656220732015-04-26T23:38:00.001-04:002015-04-26T23:40:01.026-04:00Clark Communications: English Editing for Non-Native Speakers of English...<a href="http://clarkcommunications.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html?spref=bl">Clark Communications: English Editing for Non-Native Speakers of English...</a>: <br />
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English Editing for Non-Native Speakers of English</h3>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* Dr. Z (from China) read English well but needed a clear, English language thesis for earning her PhD. The content was there but needed both re-organization and rephrasing. Dr. Z is now a professor in an American university.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* Dr. K (from the Middle East) worked vigorously on researching emerging problems in a host nation but faced repeated rejections from publishers. Repeated publication success with Maynard Clark's edits makes Dr. K. a regular customer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* DB was struggling with writing an ethics paper. Carefully reworking the argument phrasing helped him earn an A and learn to do better work in research, arguments, and writing. He's now a successful West Coast attorney.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Are you an </span><u><a href="mailto:Maynard.Clark@GMail.com" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #888888; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">international scientist or researcher</a></u><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> needing to publish your work in English, </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">though your first language is NOT English</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: blue;">?</span></b></span></h2>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #262626; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Seven (7) years editing experience</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #262626; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">:</span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Broad multi-disciplinary topical comprehension enhances audio recognition (of words, phrases, ideas), resulting in great accuracy</span></li>
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<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maynard Clark has studied at Harvard and other fine universities</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">He has worked for the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health since 2007 and had worked for Harvard Medical School before that. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maynard Clark has worked on both operational and management ends of business support services and brings broad, deep, enriching experiences from academic, corporate, engineering, financial, nonprofit, public policy, and scientific research sectors.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">He was a National Spelling Bee contestant and reads text aggressively. Your errors are unlikely to elude him.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maynard Clark serves on several boards of business, community health, scientific research, personal health and wellness, and housing organizations. He's a problem solver.</span></li>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Are you an </span><u><a href="mailto:Maynard.Clark@GMail.com" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #888888; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">international scientist or researcher</a></u><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> needing to publish your work in English, </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">though your first language is NOT English</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: blue;">?</span></b></span></h2><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-70210960855570421702015-04-21T10:32:00.001-04:002015-04-21T10:41:02.764-04:00Obesity Increases Prostate Cancer Risk<div align="center">
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<span class="titlebar"><b><!--SHARE ICONS END--><!--BEGIN TITLE-->Obesity
Increases Prostate Cancer Risk</b></span><br />
Obesity may increase risk for prostate cancer, according to a study
<br />
published in <em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">JAMA
Oncology</span></em>. Researchers monitored cancer <br />
incidence rates from
3,398 African-American men and 22,673 <br />
non-Hispanic white men as part of the
Selenium and Vitamin E <br />
Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) for almost six
years. <br />
African-American men with a higher BMI had up to four times <br />
the risk
for prostate cancer, compared with thinner men. <br />
While the exact mechanism
behind obesity and prostate cancer <br />
development remains unknown, the study
authors emphasize <br />
obesity’s link to inflammation, insulin resistance, and
the <br />
development of prostate-specific antigens.<br />
<span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">Barrington WE, Schenk JM, Etzioni R, et
al. Difference in association of obesity with <br />prostate cancer risk between
US African American and non-Hispanic white men <br />in the Selenium and Vitamin
E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). <br /><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">JAMA
Oncol</span></em>. Published online April 16, 2015.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-14724744158134908112015-04-04T22:22:00.001-04:002015-04-04T22:22:20.660-04:00Vegetarianism and the Salvation Army<div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
April 10th is considered Salvation Army "Founders' Day" - though sometimes July 1865 is considered the date of the founding of the Salvation Army.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span style="color: #333333;">"</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><b>William Booth, born April 10, 1829, was a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and became its first General (1878-1912).</b></span></span><span style="color: #333333;">"</span></span><br /><div>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/618-analysis-of-the-salvation-army-an</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.amazon.com/Catherine-Booth-Biography-Cofounder-Salvation/dp/080105706X *</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><u><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AiAz62C_jcC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=%22Salvation+Army%22+founding+vegetarian&source=bl&ots=y3aMKectrz&sig=pu9C515fqAGACWKxBzoF5hz9TIQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9JUgVcX_NYTfsAT054G4Bg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22Salvation%20Army%22%20founding%20vegetarian&f=false" style="color: #1155cc;">Vegetarian America: A History</a></u> by Karen Iacobbo - page 133</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/sa3.html ** from Boston, LINCOLNSHIRE, in England</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=943526 *** </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">"Founders of Salvation Army were vegetarian, and wrote about why they thought Christians should emulate Jesus in nonviolent diet" ****</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.biographyonline.net/people/famous/vegetarians.html *****</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://thesalvationarmynova.blogspot.com/2015/02/salvation-army-founders-advocated.html ******</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://salvarmy.blogspot.com/ - Repeats what has already been posted (above) and may be the INTERMEDIATE source FOR the posting above</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.all-creatures.org/cva/famousveg.htm (the CVA page) *******</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.ivu.org/history/europe20a/william-booth.html (IVU page on religion and vegetarianism) ********</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/2015/01/23/salvation-army-founders-advocated-vegetarian-lifestyle/ (web author </span><a href="http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/author/kathy-lovin/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Posts by Kathy Lovin">Kathy Lovin</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b><i><u>FROM</u></i></b> the SA seems "convicted" about vegetarian diet and THE LOGICAL AND MORAL GROUNDS Booth's advocacy of vegetarianism - by her apologizing for her not strictly adhering to it) *********</span></li>
<li>http://salvationarmyusa.org/usn/history-of-the-salvation-army</li>
<li>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army</li>
<li>http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/salvation-army-founded</li>
<li>http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/history</li>
<li>http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Great%20Men%20of%20God/general_william_booth.htm</li>
<li>http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/sa1.html</li>
<li>https://www.christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/issue/william-and-catherine-booth-salvation-army-founders/</li>
<li>http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1863162,00.html</li>
<li>http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Salvation+Army+Founder's+Day</li>
<li>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqISi0k-85I</li>
<li>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/salvationarmy_1.shtml</li>
<li>https://archive.org/details/SchoolOfPrayer-FoundingOfTheSalvationArmy-WilliamBooth</li>
<li>http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper158.html</li>
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews</h3>
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*<a class="" href="http://www.amazon.com/review/R3UADETUXP8FS1/ref=cm_cr_dp_title?ie=UTF8&ASIN=080105706X&channel=detail-glance&nodeID=283155&store=books" style="color: #111111; text-decoration: none;" title="5.0 out of 5 stars"><i class="" style="background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/amazonui/sprites/aui_sprite_0036-1x._V1_.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 18px; vertical-align: text-top; width: 80px;"></i></a><span class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 0.385em;"></span><a class="" href="http://www.amazon.com/review/R3UADETUXP8FS1/ref=cm_cr_dp_title?ie=UTF8&ASIN=080105706X&channel=detail-glance&nodeID=283155&store=books" style="color: #111111; text-decoration: none;"><span class="" style="font-weight: 700 !important; line-height: 19px !important;">Catherine Booth Was A Humane Saint !</span></a></div>
<span class="" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85) !important;"><span class=""><span class="">By </span><a class="" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/pdp/profile/A2AEX4615H9ON6/ref=cm_cr_dp_pdp" style="color: #0066c0; text-decoration: none;">Brien Comerford</a> </span><span class="" data-action="cr-popup" data-cr-popup="{"width":340,"title":"AmazonHelp","height":340}" style="display: inline;"></span><span class="">on April 12, 2006 (Brien Comerford was from Boston)</span></span></div>
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<span class="" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85) !important; font-size: 11px !important; line-height: 1.465 !important;">Format: Paperback</span><div class="" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
Until I read this wondrous book, I had no idea that Catherine Booth, the conservative Co-Founder of the Slavation Army, embraced women's rights, animal rights and vegetarianism. The author provides many documented instances when Catherine would intervene and stop people from being cruel to dogs, horses, donkeys and oxen. He also mentions the Booth's and their Children loving an array of pets. I always knew that Catherine Booth was a groundbreaking Christian and Humanitarian, but Roger Green surprisingly informed me about Catherine Booth being an <b style="background-color: yellow;">animal-loving vegetarian</b>. Too bad today's Christian leaders have failed to emulate her reverence for all God's creatures' creed !</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">** <span style="color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Catherine Booth, known as the Mother of the Salvation Army, was one of the most extraordinary women of the Victorian era. She had firm convictions on a broad range of issues, such as social work among the poor and destitute, <b style="background-color: yellow;">abstinence from alcohol</b>, the legal age of consent for girls, <b style="background-color: yellow;">vegetarianism</b>, and <b style="background-color: yellow;">the humane treatment of animals</b>. She also held that women must have full equality with men in Christian ministry</span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Palantino, Times, serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">*** "</span></span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;">General Booth treated alcoholism with vegetarian diet.. and found that this treatment severed the meat-alcohol chemical marriage. His success spread the Salvation Army </span><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;">around the world. )</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;">**** </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">GENERAL BRAMWELL BOOTH OF THE SALVATION ARMY </span><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">ON VEGETARIAN DIET:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">These passages are </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: blue;">taken from a pamphlet written by General Bramwell Booth, former director General of the Salvation Army, and a son of founder General William Booth.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">"Here are some of my reasons for doing so (becoming vegetarian):</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Because I have myself tried a vegetarian diet with the greatest benefit having been for more than 10 years at l time a strict vegetarian.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Because according to the Bible God originally intended the food for humans to be vegetarian. (here he quotes Genesis 1:29 "Behold I have given</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">you herb yielding seed. To you it shall be for food.")</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Because a vegetarian diet is favourable to purity, to chastity,and to</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">perfect control of the appetites and passions which are often a source of great temptation, especially to the young. (http://www.notmilk.com)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Because a vegetarian diet is favourable to robust health and strength. With very few exceptions, and these only confirmed invalids, I believe the people would be stronger....</span></div>
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5. Because tens of thousands of our poor people (could save money)...http://www.ivu.org</div>
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6. Because a vegetarian diet of wheat, oatmeal and other grains, lentils, peas, beans, nuts and similr food is more than ten times as economical as a flesh diet. Meat contains half its weight in water which has to be paid for as though it were meat. A vegetarian diet, even if we allow cheese, butter and milk will only cost about a quarter as much as a mixed diet of flesh and vegetables.</div>
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7. Because a vegetarian diet would stop the enormous waste of all kinds of animal food.</div>
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8. Because a vegetarian diet is a great protection against our drinking</div>
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(this belief of General Booth has been upheld by modern biochemistry research about the relationship of meat and alcohol)....</div>
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9. Because a vegetarian diet is favorable to industry and hard work...</div>
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10. Because it is proved that life, health, and happiness are all favoroued by a vegetarian diet.**</div>
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11. I favour a vegetarian diet because the digestive organs of humans are not well adapted to the use of flesh....</div>
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12. Because it is very difficult.. especially in hot weather and warm</div>
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climates to keep flesh food sweet long enough to cool and eat it and</div>
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a great deal of meat is eaten after it has begun to decay...</div>
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13. Because a great deal of the flesh meat which is supplied for human food is already diseased, and because it is nearly impossible to be sure than any flesh is quite free from the germs of disease. Much</div>
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common meat, which is often that of old animals, is well known to be sold to the butchers because the animals are sick, or unhealthy. </div>
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And the best meat is nearly always the flesh meat of young animals who are fattened and killed before the germs of many diseases have had time to develop so as to show themselves. So that many animals re killed, which though believed to be healthy, are really diseased.</div>
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This is especially the case with calves for veal, young bullocks for beef and with lambs and young pigs.</div>
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14. Because I believe that the great increase in consumption and cancer during the last hundred years has been caused by the great increase in the use of animal food, and that a strict vegetarian</div>
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diet would greatly help to ward off these most terrible and 'incurable' diseases.</div>
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15. Because I believe that a flesh diet brings on many very painful diseases, which though not perhaps immediately dangerous to life cause much suffering and loss. I mean such complaints as eczema, constipation, piles, worms, dysentery, severe heaches and the like. A vegetarian would do much to relieve if not cure them.</div>
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16 Because of the awful cruelty and terror to which tens of thousands (now billions)of animals killed for human food are subjected in</div>
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traveling long distance by ship and rail and road to the slaughterhouses of the world. God disapproves of all cruelty whether to man or beast.</div>
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17.Because of the terrible cruelties practised for killing animals in many slaughter houses. The whole busines of killing is cruel.. even when it is done with care, and we know that in the case of millions of creatures it is done with very little care. Ten thousand pigs are</div>
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killed for food every hour in Europe alone. (Now Oscar Mayer kills 1100 pigs an hour at their Madison Wisconsin plant.)</div>
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18. Because the occupation of slaughtering animals is brutalising to those who are required to do the work. "The highest sentiments of humane</div>
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men" says a certain writer, and I agree with him, "revolt at the cruelty, the degrading sights, the distressing cries, the perpetual</div>
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bloodshed, and all the attendant horrors which must surround the transit and slaughter of suffering creatures." *</div>
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19. Because a flesh diet is not necessary to hard work. A great part of the work of the world is done by animals which subsist on vegetable food..</div>
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namely, horses, mules, camels, oxen, etc.</div>
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I believe this matter is well worthy the serious consideration of Christian leaders. It has an important bearing not only on their own</div>
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health and happiness but upon their influence among the people, as men and women who are free from the bondage of that selfish gratification which so often afflicts the professed servants of Christ. Let us remember the Apostle's direction: 'Whether ye eat or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God.' "</div>
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<br />(published by the LVS 53 Marloes Rd. Kensington London UK W8)</div>
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<br />(We copied from an old pamphlet.. to have the full text, write or webvisit the London Vegetarian Society)</div>
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*****<br /><div style="background-color: #fffefe; color: #050000; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;">
<a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/john-wesley.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="" id="" name="" src="http://www.biographyonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/John-wesley1.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding-right: 21px;" width="70" /><strong>John Wesley</strong></a> (1703-1791) – Great preacher and founder of Methodism. Wesley advocated a plant based diet, for health reasons.</div>
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<a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/william-booth.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="" id="" name="" src="http://www.biographyonline.net/images/150/William-booth.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding-right: 21px;" width="70" /><strong>William Booth</strong></a> (1829 – 1912) – founder of Salvation Army. William Booth became a vegetarian and credited his diet with giving him the strength for a vigorous lifestyle and founding the Salvation Army.</div>
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<a href="http://thesalvationarmynova.blogspot.com/2015/02/salvation-army-founders-advocated.html" style="color: #333333; display: block; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Salvation Army Founders Advocated A Vegetarian Lifestyle</a></h3>
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<span class="" style="background-image: url(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-paWPYJvQDqA/UC7eiuIKgUI/AAAAAAAAAvw/af410sUcO2w/s000/date.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding: 3px 0px 3px 20px;">Tuesday, February 17, 2015</span> <span class="" style="background-image: url(http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g-ptS39XbNM/UC7ekTJsEXI/AAAAAAAAAwI/t8fMhUuUvQI/s000/category.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding: 3px 0px 3px 20px;"><a href="http://thesalvationarmynova.blogspot.com/search/label/salvation%20army%20founders" rel="tag" style="color: #e9503e; outline: none;">salvation army founders</a>, <a href="http://thesalvationarmynova.blogspot.com/search/label/vegetarian%20lifestyle" rel="tag" style="color: #e9503e; outline: none;">vegetarian lifestyle</a></span> <span class="" style="background-image: url(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zZgvwATiF3E/UC7ej-cvmbI/AAAAAAAAAwA/THMs0579MII/s000/comments.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding: 3px 0px 3px 20px;"></span></div>
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January is the time of year when many of us take stock of our habits and resolve to do better. Topping the list – as mentioned in my previous post – are health and fitness habits.<br /><br />If you’re looking for some inspiration to make healthy change this year, look no further than The Salvation Army’s founders William and Catherine Booth and their family.<br /><br />William Booth was born in 1829 and with his wife Catherine founded what would become The Salvation Army in the late 1850s. The Booths came from the Methodist tradition and – like many from their denomination – followed the vegetarian practices of John Wesley even though doing so was difficult in Victorian England.<br /><br />Catherine was partial to vegetarianism and is credited with encouraging her husband to adopt the lifestyle too.<br /><br />In fact, William Booth responded to a news reporter inquiry in 1909 that he believed his vegetable-based diet was key to helping him maintain his rigorous travel and speaking schedule into his 80s.<br /><br />The Booth’s children were also active in the ministry of The Salvation Army and carried on the family’s commitment to vegetarianism. Especially Bramwell Booth who succeeded his father as General of The Salvation Army.<br /><br /><br />Read the full article <a href="http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/2015/01/23/salvation-army-founders-advocated-vegetarian-lifestyle/" style="color: #e9503e; outline: none;">here</a>.</div>
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*******<br /><big style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">William and Catherine Booth. </span><small>Founders of the Salvation Army.</small></big><span style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">"It is a great delusion to suppose that flesh-meat of any kind is essential to health. Considerably more than three parts of the work in the world is done by men who never taste anything but vegetable, farinaceous food, and that of the simplest kind. There are more strength-producing properties in wholemeal flour, peas, beans, lentils, oatmeal, roots, and other vegetables of the same class, than there are beef or mutton, poultry or fish, or animal food of any description whatever."</span><br style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">(</span><span style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">Orders and Regulations of the Officers of the Salvation Army</span><span style="background-color: #f9f7f7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">)</span></div>
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********<br /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>Europe: early 20th Century</b></span><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>General William Booth</b> (1829-1912)</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">Founder and first General of the Salvation Army.</span><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">
From the <i>Vegetarian Messenger</i> (VSUK magazine):</div>
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<b>May 1908:</b><b>General Booth on Diet</b> - <i>The Daily News</i> says :- "Before leaving Norwich to-day General Booth, during an interview with a press representative, was questioned as to his diet. The General said he could still enjoy a potato with a little butter and salt; but the human race had run wild with their eating. Instead of bringing their appetites down to their food they brought their food up to their appetites."</div>
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<b>February 1909<br />General Booth.</b> - one of the Dresden journalists had an interview with General Booth during his visit in the neighbourhood , and gave his report in the Dresden Auseiger . In answer the question how he managed to sustain so much hard work, and particularly so much public speaking at night, at his advanced age, the General replied :- "I owe it to my careful vegetarian diet."</div>
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<b>March 1909<br />Self denial week in the Salvation Army </b>- At the request of Colonel Moss, of the Salvation Army, the Secretary of the Vegetarian Society has supplied a quantity of directions of inexpensive cooked and uncooked diets, with a number of recipes. They are to be published in the Salvation Army journals.</div>
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<a href="http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Expect Change"><span class="" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: trajan-pro-3; font-size: 32px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Expect Change</span><span class="" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Salvation Army Stories</span></a></h1>
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<a class="" href="http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/2015/01/23/salvation-army-founders-advocated-vegetarian-lifestyle/#" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; height: 28px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 36px 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -999em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 32px;">open</a></div>
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SALVATION ARMY FOUNDERS ADVOCATED A VEGETARIAN LIFESTYLE</h1>
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January is the time of year when many of us take stock of our habits and resolve to do better. Topping the list – <a href="http://www.salvationarmyexpectchange.org/2015/01/21/keep-resolutions-get-healthy-salvation-army-ore/" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">as mentioned in my previous post</a> – are health and fitness habits.</div>
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If you’re looking for some inspiration to make healthy change this year, look no further than The Salvation Army’s founders William and Catherine Booth and their family.</div>
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William Booth was born in 1829 and with his wife Catherine founded what would become The Salvation Army in the late 1850s. The Booths came from the Methodist tradition and – like many from their denomination – followed the vegetarian practices of John Wesley even though doing so was difficult in Victorian England.</div>
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Catherine was partial to vegetarianism and is credited with encouraging her husband to adopt the lifestyle too.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: inherit;">In fact, William Booth responded to a news reporter inquiry in 1909 that </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>he believed his <u>vegetable-based diet</u> was key to helping him maintain his rigorous travel and speaking schedule into his 80s</b></span><span style="font-weight: inherit;">.</span></div>
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The Booth’s children were also active in the ministry of The Salvation Army and carried on the family’s commitment to vegetarianism. Especially Bramwell Booth, who succeeded his father as General of The Salvation Army.</div>
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In 1890 Bramwell was asked to explain his beliefs in the merits of vegetarianism.<br /><a href="http://www.christianvegetarian.co.uk/pdf/lf112whyvegbooth.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here’s a link to the full document</a>, but I’ve excerpted some of his thoughts below.</div>
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:: Because a vegetable-based diet is more economical to a flesh-based diet and thus more affordable for people living in poverty.<br />:: Because the rise in diseases like cancer seems to coincide with the increase in the consumption of meat.<br />:: Because “God disapproves of all cruelty – whether to man or beast.”<br />:: Because a flesh-based diet is not necessary to hard work.</div>
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">1 Corinthians 10:31 – “Whether, then, you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God.”</b></div>
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NOTE: "vegetable-based" diet is NOT "junk-food vegetarian" or "junk food vegan" and it's RESPECTFUL of the human body as God's "temple"!<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><i><b>Maynard</b></i></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-78768182722018991942015-03-16T20:06:00.000-04:002015-03-16T20:06:39.095-04:00Eat Your Fiber<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://image-store.slidesharecdn.com/a14b72d4-7601-493f-aadd-de6f77d73686-medium.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://image-store.slidesharecdn.com/a14b72d4-7601-493f-aadd-de6f77d73686-medium.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Eating your daily supply of fiber will keep the intestine and colon running healthy, helping to prevent colon cancer and various intestinal diseases.</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-28854170466409225482015-02-24T21:22:00.001-05:002015-02-24T21:22:04.047-05:00Bird Conservation Group Wants Tighter Controls on Wind Industry - Blades run afowl of the MBTA<a href="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/wind/bird-conservation-group-wants-tighter-controls-on-wind-industry.html#.VO0w_RKs3Us.blogger">Bird Conservation Group Wants Tighter Controls on Wind Industry | Wind | Rewire | KCET</a><br /><br />
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.3199996948242px; margin-bottom: 6px;">The SOLUTION - the ENGINEERING SOLUTION - is to SHIFT THE PLANE from rotating the blades in the VERTICAL plane to rotating the blades in the HORIZONTAL plane.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.3199996948242px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Let's THANK animal (bird) advocates for raising this issue, but let's insist that future design integrate this concern from the outset.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.3199996948242px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Lots of blade building has already gone ahead, production machinery has been purchased, and workers have been hired and put on the assembly lines.</div><div class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.3199996948242px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 6px;">I raised this concern nearly a decade ago - and suggested this solution about 3-4 years ago. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 6px;">Advocates didn't see that as an issue at that time (or some merely said, yes, the blades shouldn't hurt the birds).</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 6px;"><br /></div><div class="reheader clearfix" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 16.0016002655029px; line-height: 22.4022407531738px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; outline: none; 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border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-style: initial; font-size: 16.0016002655029px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial;"><img alt="" class="mt-image-none" src="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/assets_c/2015/02/birds-wind-turbines-2-20-15-thumb-630x421-88423.jpg" height="421" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0016002655029px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 630px;" width="630" /></span></span><br /><br />
<div class="htmlcaption" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Calling bird law violations inevitable at wind facilities, a group wants tighter controls on permitting. | Photo: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/waders/138222356" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12.00119972229px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Changhua Coast Conservation Action</a>/Flickr/<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12.00119972229px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons License</a></span></div></div></div><div class="cw-content group" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry no-border clearfix" id="entry-80269" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: none; clear: both; font-size: 13.6013603210449px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-header" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; font-size: 13.6013603210449px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="category" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #085990; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/wind/" style="border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WIND</span></a></div><h2 class="entry-title" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #085990; font-size: 2em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/wind/bird-conservation-group-wants-tighter-controls-on-wind-industry.html" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-size: 48px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bird Conservation Group Wants Tighter Controls on Wind Industry</span></a></h2><div class="entry-meta" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /><br />
<div class="byline" itemscope="" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">by <span class="vcard author" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.kcet.org/user/profile/cclarke" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #085990; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chris Clarke</span></a></span> </span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">February 24, 2015 2:45 PM</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A national bird protection group is calling on the federal government to require wind energy operators to get permits to kill birds that are protected under one of the nation's oldest environmental laws.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Washington, D.C.-based American Bird Conservancy, which projects more than 1.4 million annual bird deaths in coming years from wind turbines and their associated transmission lines, petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service this month to require owners of wind power facilities to apply for permits under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 before being allowed to build their projects.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">USFWS has been asking wind companies to follow voluntary bird-protection guidelines when siting and designing their projects, but American Bird Conservancy claims in its petition that the voluntary approach has been roundly ineffective at protecting birds from wind turbines.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://www.abcbirds.org/PDFs/Wind_petition_letter&petition.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #39b1c3; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">petition</a>, filed earlier this month with the U.S. Department of the Interior, is actually a follow-up to an earlier attempt by the group to compel USFWS to crack down on wind industry violations of the law. This month's petition was sent to provide new information on the scope of the threat wind turbines pose to birds.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As part of that update, the group summarized a December 2014 study, commissioned by the group and conducted by researchers at Mississippi State University, that indicates USFWS' voluntary compliance policy has failed to prevent wind turbines from being built in extremely sensitive bird areas:</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<blockquote style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 1.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nearly 30,000 wind turbines have already been installed within areas identified as being of high importance to federally-protected birds in the United States, with more than 50,000 additional turbines planned for construction in similar areas. These include more than 18,000 in the migration corridor of the whooping crane -- one of the nation's rarest and most spectacular birds, 1,800 in greater sage-grouse breeding strongholds, and nearly 1,400 in locations deemed to be of the most critical importance to conserving the nation's birdlife. This clearly indicates that the voluntary guidelines are not working to protect our public trust resources, especially since proper siting is probably the best and most effective form of mitigation.</span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) makes it illegal to kill or harm any of the <a href="http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/regulationspolicies/mbta/MBTANDX.HTML" style="border: 0px; color: #39b1c3; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">800-odd species of bird specifically listed under the law</a> without a permit. Penalties for a single offense -- injury to a single bird -- range up to $200,000 in fines and a year's imprisonment.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As Rewire reported <a href="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/revisit/commentary/the-hidden-desert/why-isnt-the-us-fish-and-wildlife-service-protecting-eagles.html" style="border: 0px; color: #39b1c3; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">two years ago</a>, USFWS has been highly reluctant to enforce the law against operators of wind turbines.</div><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"In effect, the MBTA is not being enforced, except perhaps under very special circumstances," said Michael Hutchins of the American Bird Conservancy's Bird Smart Wind Energy Campaign. "This reality is particularly significant for the wind industry because wind energy projects will inevitably take birds protected under the MBTA. In fact, because it is virtually impossible to operate a wind energy facility without killing or injuring at least some migratory birds, most operational wind energy projects are in ongoing violation of the MBTA, and are effectively breaking the law with impunity."</div></span></div></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-64236089213044581112014-09-06T13:31:00.001-04:002014-09-06T13:31:07.092-04:0025 years younger ???<div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;">
Today I was told that I "<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">look 25 years younger than the calendar says</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.7272720336914px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">and still have boundless energy.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">"</span></div>
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Well, I do typically get my age estimated to be 12-15 years younger than my age, but not 25. That wasn't (and isn't) always the case. Staring at a computer, getting inadequate sleep, and drinking tea or coffee can depress the muscles in the eyes and face. But I think that proper nourishment is important, and merely eating vegan-compliant diets may not do that. Avoiding the animal-based inputs is important, but ensuring the plant-based inputs is just as important for health.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In the dispute between <u>John <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.1" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span></u></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">* (</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;">vegan diet except for holidays</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">), </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">and <u>Joel <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.2" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span></u></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"> (</span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>vegan <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.3" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">nutritarian</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"> all the time) </span><br />
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(<i>but tolerant of others because they publicly say that their principles apply to everyone, but that meat eaters should not eat much meat or dairy - and <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.4" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span> tells them to swear off the dairy first - <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.5" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> says that dairy is entirely unnecessary - and shows them how to nourish themselves</i>), </div>
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<ul>
<li>the <b><u><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.6" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> </u></b>"<span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="background-color: lime;"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.7" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">nutritarian</span></b></span>" <b><u>emphasis</u></b> is on <span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="background-color: lime;">the nutrient-rich diet and fat-burning</b></span> (which I strongly advocate - selecting foods for nutrient value, not for taste or satiety. I think that satiety and satisfaction follow from getting the nutrients in one's daily diet (one MUST exercise** IN ORDER TO build muscle and burn fat - <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.8" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> photos show that, despite his foot injury, he hasn't stopped exercising after he left competitive figure skating);</li>
<li>the <b><u><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.9" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> "</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><u><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.10" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">starchitarian</span></u></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">" </span>emphasis</u></b> seems to be on a "<span style="background-color: yellow;"><u><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.11" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">starchitarian</span></u></span>" weight loss by "<b style="background-color: yellow;">no added fat</b>" - and that means no nuts or oils.</li>
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*One of my long-time vegan friends in Boston has FLIPPED his loyalties from the vegan diet of Dr. Joel <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.13" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> ("His diet is a good diet") to the vegan diet of Dr. John <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.14" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span> on the basis of the emphasis non weight loss (we all have problems with piling on extra weight; Steve lost "<span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.15" role="menuitem" style="background: yellow;" tabindex="-1">mucho</span>" weight when he stopped eating a handful of nuts each day)<br />
** All right - so, to START exercising, one walks around as much as possible; gently move and exercise each of the joints (yoga has ways to do this); in bed before rising, something called "a crunch" is stretching your chest UP toward your abdomen as much as possible - about 8-10 times - that's a set of 'reps' or 'repetitions' - and the goal is to build the muscles one has by exercising each muscle group, including the muscles in the abdomen. On can also stand up and rotate around the waste, then slowly bend forward, back, sideways, and stretch up and down until one aches.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSm5FLxWmy4XL6motCYGrI1_T2i-QSF8uzXZL98Vno1xghW0WdG8uBdQdeuSAaDqR4U6GHRxKgKL_ntuzk8VFg7G3r67XKShpH8l6KYI3tFFfZbUMh0FoLHUfJfzt9eEephksQ/s1600/450px-FloorCrunch.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSm5FLxWmy4XL6motCYGrI1_T2i-QSF8uzXZL98Vno1xghW0WdG8uBdQdeuSAaDqR4U6GHRxKgKL_ntuzk8VFg7G3r67XKShpH8l6KYI3tFFfZbUMh0FoLHUfJfzt9eEephksQ/s1600/450px-FloorCrunch.JPG" height="126" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwlaeNmPTF3faIS4ZTY-e7ZNbCQueC4h5wfwbu4FSZl2KaJ3NvDKT04WQRqSEG7v2LXtSf7S8a5qy5YbNc0k-RM_glw8olTCBdJN4ft5d_6FxZL_IBfywMz-PnjR2Q7yta-WD/s1600/Crunches-2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwlaeNmPTF3faIS4ZTY-e7ZNbCQueC4h5wfwbu4FSZl2KaJ3NvDKT04WQRqSEG7v2LXtSf7S8a5qy5YbNc0k-RM_glw8olTCBdJN4ft5d_6FxZL_IBfywMz-PnjR2Q7yta-WD/s1600/Crunches-2.gif" /></a><br />
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<b>Everyone can do crunches each day.</b></div>
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The nuance seems to be on the definitions of a '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" style="color: #1155cc;">starch</a>' and a 'carb' or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="color: #1155cc;">carbohydrate</a> (few of us have the sophistication, but we ought to understand the differences between starches and sugars - particularly simple sugars. A starch is a carbohydrate; fiber is a carbohydrate.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">From <b><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.16" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">Wikipedia</span></b>:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">In </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Food science">food science</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> and in many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Food">food</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Starch">starch</a> <span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">(such as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Cereal">cereals</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bread">bread</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Pasta">pasta</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">) or simple carbohydrates, such as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar">sugar</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> (found in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Candy">candy</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">, </span><a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">jams</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Dessert">desserts</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.17" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span> likes COMPLEX carbohydrates but not simple carbohydrates; <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.18" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> likes the carbohydrates bound in vegetables, beans, and whole fruits, but not those <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.19" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">carbs</span> that are ground up into grains and then made into breads. However, what about whole grain cereals (oatmeal, not instant oatmeal)?</span></div>
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<li><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">As I seem to recall it, <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.20" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">McDougall</span> was trying to help us understand how we would educate all of South and Central American about plant-based vegan diets. No one wanted to do that EXCEPT <span style="background-color: white;">for Victor <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.21" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">Forsythe</span>, who inherited the California Vegetarian <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.22" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">Association</span> from Blanche Leonardo, then moved to Colorado and joined the Colorado Green Party. South American root vegetables are SUFFICIENTLY rich in proteins to <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.23" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">provide</span> all the human requirements for protein, according to the WHO. Therefore, one could live entirely on tubers and root vegetables grown in the South American mountains without supplementing with nuts, beans, or soy. "Protein is not an issue" in a plant-based whole foods diet based on real foods, not prepared and packaged foods. The indigenous diet is sufficient; in America, the (SAD/MAD) diet isn't mainly whole foods. When I talk with <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.24" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">inquirers</span>, I tell them that many Americans like to "eat out" - eat out of a package, out of a drive-in-window, eat out of a tragically conceived restaurant menu, etc.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.25" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Fuhrman</span> began as 'a natural hygienist' an told me in person, when we flew together in mid-August 1995 from the 8th International Vegan Festival in San Diego to Boston, that he was 'more vegan' than hygienist - then he said, 'just vegan' with an emphasis on the nutrients in whole fresh vegetables - more vegetables than fruits.</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">They agree, but they substantially disagree - and they settled on agreeing to the notion that they "agree about 90% of the time..."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">From <b><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.16" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">Wikipedia</span></b>:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Starch is the most common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> in the human diet and is contained in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Staple food">staple foods</a>. The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Cereal">cereals</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Maize">maize</a>) and the <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Root vegetable">root vegetables</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Cassava">cassava</a>).<sup class="" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Many other starchy foods are grown, some only in specific climates, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Arrowroot">arrowroot</a>, <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arracacha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Arracacha"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.26" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">arracacha</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_(plant)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Canna (plant)"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.27" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">canna</span></a>, <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colacasia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Colacasia"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.28" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">colacasia</span></a>, <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakuri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Katakuri"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.29" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">katakuri</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Kudzu">kudzu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Xanthosoma sagittifolium"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.30" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">malanga</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Oca"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.31" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">oca</span></a>, <a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_arrowroot" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Polynesian arrowroot"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.32" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">polynesian</span> arrowroot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Sago">sago</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_caltrop" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Water caltrop">water chestnuts</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, and many kinds of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Bean">beans</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Vicia faba"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.33" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">favas</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Mung bean">mung beans</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Pea">peas</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Widely used prepared foods containing starch are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Noodle">noodles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Tortilla">tortilla</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">If we ate fewer starches, might we fart less frequently?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">From <b><span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.16" role="menuitem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" tabindex="-1">Wikipedia</span></b>:</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Digestion">Digestive</a><span style="font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> enzymes have problems digesting crystalline structures. Raw starch will digest poorly in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a><span style="font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a><span style="font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">, while bacterial degradation will take place mainly in the </span><a class="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; color: #5a3696; font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px; text-decoration: none;" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a><span style="font-size: 12.6666669845581px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">Some of us have celebrated the WIDE VARIETY of available foods of plant origin Vance <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.42" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Lehmkuhl</span> even sings about it.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">I still think that erring on the side of nutrient-density is good, but affordability and refrigeration can be issues. Therefore, whole vegetables (grow your own, like the Obama family does at the White House); farmers' markets; regular grocery store (shop produce aisle first), etc. Eat them as you need them (and share the rest). </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">Further, when talking with students, other singles, and general inquirers, buying vegetables in the grocery is ALWAYS cheaper than dining out.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;"> But college students have overpriced dining hall meal plans.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">I need to credit my boss who raised the rhetorical question: "<span style="background-color: yellow;">Why do so many Americans NOT want to be thin and attractive?</span>" Nudging from many sources - my boss, my vegan friends, and my doctor - pushed me to search for how as a vegan I could lose weight on an evidence-based program.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYby3hb1PLE1PP7MzUCXMiBXoIyfKdWMDegeAADfHpGaBGIvleKGrVdoTr2xhnB-m67CZEQjrZOcaLpDYEoYeNw5-2UfSx_jPYRWN2Sk1fOMCz8c07DQ8WaQDlpfTbZJPBCtKU/s1600/9432841-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYby3hb1PLE1PP7MzUCXMiBXoIyfKdWMDegeAADfHpGaBGIvleKGrVdoTr2xhnB-m67CZEQjrZOcaLpDYEoYeNw5-2UfSx_jPYRWN2Sk1fOMCz8c07DQ8WaQDlpfTbZJPBCtKU/s1600/9432841-large.jpg" height="181" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">And to credit Michelle Obama, though she and her program are not my specific reason for 'daily motions' throughout my day, every one of us ought to get up and get out there and 'start moving' around...</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSx5i3sriVC3QE-PVB45FxNb1fstC8gRdaTKd8FEoJWD1ff1rKLm0Kkjwo7piUptzNkRpx5wUdTVzqR5EOVyuHjnQ6FmVDGadtsbduT8fk7AkCC7PHZTgBTiju3QEf_qeloM1I/s1600/seniors+exercising.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSx5i3sriVC3QE-PVB45FxNb1fstC8gRdaTKd8FEoJWD1ff1rKLm0Kkjwo7piUptzNkRpx5wUdTVzqR5EOVyuHjnQ6FmVDGadtsbduT8fk7AkCC7PHZTgBTiju3QEf_qeloM1I/s1600/seniors+exercising.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">I'm concerned to live by just principles. Vegans CAN do that with evidence-based strategies that are built from the growing bodies of <span aria-haspopup="true" class="" id=":62m.51" role="menuitem" style="background: yellow;" tabindex="-1">knowledge</span> relevant to that project in human history. Others seem to live, but that may not be justice, simply because they are able to live in health, if they do great damage and harm to other persons - simply because they only ways they know to feed themselves involve the destruction of others.</span></span></div>
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<i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Maynard</i><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></span></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="color: green; font-size: x-small;">Maynard S. Clark</span></span></strong>, MS<span style="font-family: arial narrow, sans-serif;"> (Management</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: arial narrow, sans-serif;"> Research Administration)</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-44274810938569923972014-08-26T23:16:00.001-04:002014-08-26T23:16:29.676-04:00Losing Sleep<a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/news/losing-sleep#.U_ydg635L0w.blogger" style="background-color: #446666; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.9149990081787px;">Losing Sleep | HMS</a><br style="background-color: #446666; color: #cceedd; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.9149990081787px;" /><br style="background-color: #446666; color: #cceedd; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.9149990081787px;" /><br />
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Losing Sleep</div>
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‘Sleep switch’ neurons diminish with age and Alzheimer’s disease</div>
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By BONNIE PRESCOTT</div>
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<span class="date-display-single" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">August 20, 2014</span></div>
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As people grow older, they often have difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, and tend to awaken too early in the morning. In individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, this common and troubling symptom of aging tends to be especially pronounced, often leading to nighttime confusion and wandering.</div>
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Now, a study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre helps explain why sleep becomes more fragmented with age. Reported online in the journal <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/11/brain.awu222.abstract" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brain</a></em>, the new findings demonstrate for the first time that a group of inhibitory neurons, whose loss leads to sleep disruption in experimental animals, are substantially diminished among the elderly and individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, and that this, in turn, is accompanied by sleep disruption.</div>
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“On average, a person in his 70s has about one hour less sleep per night than a person in his 20s,” explained senior author <a href="https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/people/faculty/214/Clifford+B+Saper+MD+PhD" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Clifford Saper</a>, the HMS James Jackson Putnam Professor of Neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess. “Sleep loss and sleep fragmentation is associated with a number of health issues, including cognitive dysfunction, increased blood pressure and vascular disease, and a tendency to develop type 2 diabetes. It now appears that loss of these neurons may be contributing to these various disorders as people age.”</div>
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<img alt="Clifford Saper. Image: BIDMC Media Services" class="caption" src="http://hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/assets/News/2014/images/August/Clifford%20Saper%2003%20headshot%20article.jpg" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 179, 170) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(192, 179, 170) !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; display: block; float: left; height: 130px; margin: 0px 10px 7px 0px; padding: 4px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 133px;" /><span class="caption" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 179, 170) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; padding: 0px 5px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 123px;">Clifford Saper. Image: BIDMC Media Services</span>In 1996, the <a href="http://bidmc.org/Research/Departments/Neurology/Laboratories/CliffordSaperLaboratory.aspx" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saper lab</a> first discovered that the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, a key cell group of inhibitory neurons, was functioning as a “sleep switch” in rats, turning off the brain’s arousal systems to enable animals to fall asleep. “Our experiments in animals showed that loss of these neurons produced profound insomnia, with animals sleeping only about 50 percent as much as normal and their remaining sleep being fragmented and disrupted,” he explained.</div>
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A group of cells in the human brain, the intermediate nucleus, is located in a similar location and has the same inhibitory neurotransmitter, galanin, as the vetrolateral preoptic nucleus in rats. The authors hypothesized that if the intermediate nucleus was important for human sleep and was homologous to the animal’s ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, then it may also similarly regulate humans’ sleep-wake cycles.</div>
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In order to test this hypothesis, the investigators analyzed data from the<a href="http://www.rush.edu/rumc/page-1099611542239.html" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rush Memory and Aging Project</a>, a community-based study of aging and dementia which began in 1997 and has been following a group of almost 1,000 subjects who entered the study as healthy 65-year-olds and are followed until their deaths, at which point their brains are donated for research.</div>
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“Since 2005, most of the subjects in the memory and aging project have been undergoing actigraphic recording every two years. This consists of their wearing a small wristwatch-type device on their non-dominant arm for seven to 10 days,” explained first author <a href="http://sunnybrook.ca/team/member.asp?t=19&page=24392&m=462" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Andrew S. P. Lim</a> of the University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and a former member of the Saper lab. The actigraphy device, which is waterproof, is worn 24 hours a day and thereby monitors all movements, large and small, divided into 15-second intervals. “Our previous work had determined that these actigraphic recordings are a good measure of the amount and quality of sleep,” he added.</div>
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The authors examined the brains of 45 study subjects (median age at death, 89.2), identifying ventrolateral preoptic neurons by staining the brains for the neurotransmitter galanin. They then correlated the actigraphic rest-activity behavior of the 45 individuals in the year prior to their deaths with the number of remaining ventrolateral preoptic neurons at autopsy.</div>
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“We found that in the older patients who did not have Alzheimer’s disease, the number of ventrolateral preoptic neurons correlated inversely with the amount of sleep fragmentation,” said Saper. “The fewer the neurons, the more fragmented the sleep became.” The subjects with the most neurons (greater than 6,000) spent 50 percent or more of total rest time in the prolonged periods of non-movement most likely to represent sleep while subjects with the fewest ventrolateral preoptic neurons (fewer than 3,000) spent less than 40 percent of total rest time in extended periods of rest. The results further showed that among Alzheimer’s patients, most sleep impairment seemed to be related to the number of ventrolateral preoptic neurons that had been lost.</div>
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“These findings provide the first evidence that the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in humans probably plays a key role in causing sleep, and functions in a similar way to other species that have been studied,” said Saper. “The loss of these neurons with aging and with Alzheimer’s disease may be an important reason why older individuals often face sleep disruptions. These results may, therefore, lead to new methods to diminish sleep problems in the elderly and prevent sleep-deprivation-related cognitive decline in people with dementia.”</div>
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This work was supported by a Dana Foundation Clinical Neuroscience Grant and National Institutes of Health grants P01AG009975, P01HL095491, R01NS072337, R01AG017917, R01AG024480, R01NS078009, R01AG043379 and R01AG042210. Other support came from grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Illinois Department of Public Health and the Robert C. Borwell Endowment Fund.</div>
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<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Adapted from a Beth Israel Deaconess <a href="http://www.bidmc.org/News/In-Research/2014/August/Saper.aspx" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #456d86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">news release</a>.</em></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-34816919447154169582013-03-12T22:25:00.000-04:002013-03-12T22:25:12.634-04:00Maynard's Texas Vegan Buffet<br />
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<a href="http://veganrestaurant.blogspot.com/2013/03/maynards-texas-vegan-buffet.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Maynard's Texas Vegan Buffet</a></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's have a contest (no cash prizes - just "<i>posted popularity</i>") to<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">ENVISION a full vegan restaurant concept</span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />(start-to-finish imagination): </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">I'll start!</span></span><br />
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<b style="font-size: xx-large;"><u><span style="color: #0c343d;">Maynard's Texas Vegan Buffet</span></u></b><span style="font-size: large;">: </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Get all you can and can all you get</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">"WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO EAT AS A VEGAN?"</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">DRIVE IN TO MAYNARD'S VEGAN BUFFET AND FIND OUT! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">Dietitian-developed vegan buffet complete with calorie counts, sign up for birthday parties and anniversaries, celebrations of going vegan, etc. Everyone dressed in colorful uniforms made of vegetable-patterned or fruit-patterned cloth, different vegetables celebrated each day, with free recipes tweeted out (or in RSS feeds) to those who sign up online or in the vegan buffet centers; big parties for vegetarian days, such as GAMO (Great American Meatout), World Vegetarian Day, National Heart Month, International Vegan Day, Gandhi's birthday, Feast Day of St. Francis, etc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Concept</b>: Overeating - if you dare, but we strongly advise against it, for the following reasons: 1, 2, 3, 4. We CAN make eating right amounts of vegan food VERY satisfying by integrating culinary arts with dietetic and nutritional science and skill. We educate and nurture our clients - in person and electronically. Value-Added venue that is affordable (on both sides) and sustainable.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-63133346556886683172012-10-04T16:25:00.002-04:002012-10-04T16:25:32.661-04:00How to DO Animal Rights ! FREE ONLINE eBOOK !<br />
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<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.animalsasia.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Animals Asia Foundation</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.animalsasia.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Helping bears and literally millions of dogs and cats horrendously treated in Asia.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="6" width="1" /></span></li>
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<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffcc" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" valign="middle"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.utilitarian.net/singer" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"></a></span><br />
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.utilitarian.net/singer" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Online writings of Peter Singer</a></span></li>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.utilitarian.net/singer" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"></a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /><br />
<li><a href="http://www.humaneresearch.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Humane Research Council</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.animalsasia.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Researches and analyses data to help animal advocates make their case.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="6" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">BBC Animal Ethics</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A nicely concise introduction to animal ethics.</span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.koreananimals.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">International Aid for Korean Animals</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.koreananimals.org/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Millions of cats & dogs cruelly treated & eaten in Korea & what you can do about it.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://ae.imcode.com/en/1001" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Animal Ethics Dilemma</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Explore your personal animal morality.</span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://animaladvocacybook.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">The Animal Activists Handbook</a></li>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="http://animaladvocacybook.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"><img alt="Animal Activists Handbook" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-activistshb.gif" /></a></td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Practical action on alleviating animal suffering. Written by PETA activists Matt Ball & Bruce Friedrich. 2009. 128 pages.</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="1" width="1" /><br />
<li><a href="http://www.dawnwatch.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Dawn Watch</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.dawnwatch.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Tracking animals in the media & where you can make your voice heard.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.vote4animals.org.uk/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Protecting Animals in Democracy</a></li>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.vote4animals.org.uk/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"><img alt="Protecting Animals in Democracy" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-pad.gif" /></a></td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.vote4animals.org.uk/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Achieving political representation for animals through politics.</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="1" width="1" /><br />
<li><a href="http://www.animalliberationfront.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Animal Liberation Front</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Many good ideas for animal activism.</span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.vero.org.uk/default.asp" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Voice for Ethical Research at Oxford</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.vero.org.uk/default.asp" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Oxford University members who oppose animal research & aim to further ethical alternatives.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://strikingattheroots.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Striking at the Roots</a></li>
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<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.strikingattheroots.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"><img alt="Striking at the Roots" border="0" height="92" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-pic-striking.jpg" width="60" /></a></td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.strikingattheroots.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Read about doing animal rights in this paperback by Mark Hawthorne.</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="1" width="1" /><br />
<li><a href="http://www.animalsuffering.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Animal Rights Concerns</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.animalsuffering.com/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">About vegetarian diet and vegan lifestyle to steer society away from animal use.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.worldanimalday.org.uk/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">World Animal Day</a></li>
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.worldanimalday.org.uk/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"><img alt="World Animal Day" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-world-animal-day.gif" /></a></td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" valign="top"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="1" width="1" /><br />
<li><a href="http://www.abolitionist-online.com/index.shtml" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Abolitionist Online</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Australian web site for animal rights.</span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/index.php" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/index.php" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Academics pioneering the animal ethics debate.</a></span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" width="1" /></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ukanimalrights.net/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">UK Animal Rights</a><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.ukanimalrights.net/" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 12px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new">Web links providing animal rights information, news and resources.</a></span></li>
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This web site, <i>How to Do Animal Rights</i>, is your completely free online-book about how to do animal rights as a practical and legal activity. Find out what animal rights (and welfare) are and be an activist!<br />
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You are welcome to copy the text of this online guide for your non-profit use to promote animal rights. You may also buy the printed <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/book.html" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;"><u>paperback version</u></a> or the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0094R64IW" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;" target="new"><u>ebook version</u></a> of this web site.<br />
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We live in a human-made animal holocaust and mass extinction about which most people give no thought.<br />
So let's defend life and promote a humane society. Pursue animal rights as a meaningful and legitimate successful activity!<br />
<div class="blockquote" style="border: 2px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 15px 20px; padding: 15px; width: 360.7833251953125px;">
<a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html#pig" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;">"I am fond of pigs.<br />Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us.<br />Pigs treat us as equals."<br /><img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="2" /><br />Attributed to Winston Churchill (1874 - 1965).</a></div>
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Adopt our animal rights <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/animal-rights-motto.html" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;"><u>motto</u></a>:<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /><a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/animal-rights-motto.html" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;"><b>The greatest threat to people is ignorance.<br />The greatest threat to animals is ignorant people.</b></a><br /><img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="5" /><br /><a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html#animal-rights-posters" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Animals need you." border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/isacat-animals-need-you-x3.jpg" /></a><br /><img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/gr-spacer.gif" vspace="10" /></center>
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</td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal;" width="15"></td><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/about.html"><img alt="Introducing myself" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/pigabout.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=15843845" name="a-entries" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" />
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<b>Chapter 1<br />Introduction</b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch1-1-broadsetting.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">The Broad Setting</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the big problem.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch1-2-massextinction.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Mass Extinction</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- we live in the Sixth Extinction.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch1-3-animalholocaust.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Holocaust</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- we live in an enduring and worsening animal holocaust.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch-appendix1.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- scientists attempt to alert the world to the impending catastrophe.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 2<br />Philosophy: Key Topics</b><br />
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<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/animal-rights.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Rights</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- know what animal rights are.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/equal-consideration.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Equal Consideration</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- are animal and human moral interests equally important?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch2-1-animalethics.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Ethics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- rationally defend your animal rights activism.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/consequentialism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Consequentialism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the morality of your action depends only on its consequences.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/deontology.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Deontology</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the morality of your action depends only on doing your duty.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/virtue-ethics.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Virtue Ethics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the morality of your action depends only on your character.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/comparing-philosophies.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Comparing Philosophies</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- comparing animal rights with ethics, welfare & conservation.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/deep-ecology.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Deep Ecology</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- contrasts with animal rights and gives it perspective.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" vspace="1" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 3<br />Campaigning: Methods for Animal Rights </b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-2-campaigning.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Campaigning</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- change society for the better.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-3-civildisobedience.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Civil Disobedience</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- campaign by civil disobedience to right injustice.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-4-directaction.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Direct Action</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a stronger form of civil disobedience.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-5-actionplanning.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Action Planning</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- take care that your activities are successful.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-6-lobbying.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Lobbying</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- sway the prominent and influential.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-7-picketing.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Picketing</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- protest your target visibly and publicly.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-8-startingagroup.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Starting a Group</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- find and organise your troops.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-10-leafleting.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Leafleting</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- reach out to influence people.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-11-newsmedia.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">News Media</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- use and handle the news media.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch3-12-internet.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Internet</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- communicate globally with the widest reach.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 4<br />Activities for Animal Rights</b><br />
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<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-19-teacher.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Teacher</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a most effective way of opening minds to ideas.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-11-animal-lawyer.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Lawyer</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- practice law to advance animals and their allies.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-1-undercover-invest.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Undercover Investigator</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- amass the evidence that animal advocates fire at abusers.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-2-video-act.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Video Activist</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- seize people's attention by bringing home vivid reality.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-4-preacher.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Preacher</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- expound The Word for animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-5-animal-rescuer.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Rescuer</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- liberate abused animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-6-investigative-reporter.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Investigative Reporter</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- probe questionable activities hidden from the public.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-7-media-watcher.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Media Watcher</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- sway the shapers of public opinion.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-18-street-theatre.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Street Theatre Actor</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- perform and entertain for animal rights on the streets.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/blogger.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Blogger</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- use your creative writing skills for animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />11. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-8-philosopher.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Philosopher</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- philosophers do it by reasoning.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />12. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-9-flyer.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Flyer</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- look down on your opponents to see what they are up to.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />13. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-10-personal-activist.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Personal Activist</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- includes the single most effective thing you can do for animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />14. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/author-playwright.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Author - Playwright</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- write short stories, novels and plays of the animal rights genre.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />15. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-3-animal-friendly.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Friendly Traveller</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- prepare yourself for travel abroad.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />16 <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-12-politician.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Politician</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- start your own animal political party.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />17. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-13-prisoner-supporter.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Prisoner Supporter</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- succour animal rights prisoners.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />18. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-14-public-speaker.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Public & School Speaker</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- orate on behalf of animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />19. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-15-aerial-snooper.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Aerial Snooper</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- reconnoitre and photograph by remote control.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />20. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-16-sci-investigator.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Scientific Investigator</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- plan, scrutinise, analyse and report.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />21. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-17-solo-info-work.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Solo Information Worker</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- display info and eye-catching knowledge.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />22. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch4-20-vol-worker.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Voluntary Worker Abroad</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- jump into far-off cultures for animal rights.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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More <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html" style="color: #404040; line-height: 13px; text-decoration: initial;"><u>free graphics</u></a>.</div>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 5<br />The Law & Animal Rights</b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch5-1-terror.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Terrorism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a few people wielding disproportionate pressure - but are they just?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch5-2-violence.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Violence or Nonviolence?</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- can we licence violence?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch5-3-thelaw.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">The Law - US & Britain</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- what might you be up against?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch5-4-policearrest.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Police Arrest</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- prepare by knowing what to expect.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" vspace="1" /><br />
<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" vspace="1" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 6<br />Animal Statistics</b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1.<a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-1-summary.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Summary</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- some of the billions people kill annually.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2.<a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-6-meat-consumption.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Meat Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how much meat do people eat?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-2-chickens.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Chicken Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how many chickens do people keep & kill?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-3-pigs.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Pig / Hog Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- people kill 23 million pigs a week.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/sheep-statistics.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Sheep & Goat Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how many sheep & goats do people keep & kill?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-4-cattle.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Beef Cattle Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how many cattle do people keep & kill?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-5-fish.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fish Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how much fish do people farm and catch from the sea?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-7-fur-bearers.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Animal Statistics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the fur trade kills endless millions and threatens species.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch7-8-exp-animals.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Numbers of Animals in Biomedical Research</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how many animals do people experiment on in laboratories?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-6-humanpop.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Human Overpopulation</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the more people the more animal abuse.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" vspace="1" /><br />
<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 7<br />More Philosophy</b><br />
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<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/anthropocentrism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Anthropocentrism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- everything is secondary to human needs.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/anthropomorphism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Anthropomorphism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- humanising animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/environmental-ethics.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Environmentalism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how to interact with living and inanimate nature?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/goldrule.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Golden Rule</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a simple moral test that guides our behaviour.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/intrinsic-value.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Intrinsic Value</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- do animals have value in themselves?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/is-ought-fallacy.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Is Ought Fallacy</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- facts (is) are one thing whereas value judgements (ought) is another.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-3-painism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Painism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- is it morally wrong to cause severe pain to reduce a lesser pain?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/subject-of-a-life.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Subject of a Life</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- an animal is a subject of a life and a singular individual.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/moral-daggers.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Moral Daggers: egoism, emotivism, subjectivism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- are moral judgements merely emotional flows?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/utilitarianism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Utilitarianism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the greatest good to the greatest number - but minorities watch out.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />11. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/absolutism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Absolutism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a standard by which you can judge everything.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />12. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/contractarianism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Contractarianism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- why some people are against animal rights.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />13. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/legalism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Legalism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- does the law always say what is morally right?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img alt="Animal rights. Just two words. Two just words." border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/isacat-animal-rights-two-words.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>Chapter 8<br />Animal-Human Issues (Some of Them) </b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/bearkskins.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Bearskin Hats</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the British army makes hats of bears.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/bushmeat.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Bushmeat</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- over five million tonnes of animals from West Africa alone.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/chickens-broilers-hens.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Chickens - Broilers</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- cheap mass-production of chickens for the supermarkets.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/chickens-egglaying-hens.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Chickens - Egg-laying Hens</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- five billion egg-laying hens.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-7-climatechange.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Climate Change</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the greatest burden on our moral behaviour.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/foxhunting.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Foxhunting with Hounds</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- honourable sports do not harm other beings.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-4-forgottenfur.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Brushes & Bows</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- do not forget the forgotten fur (and bows).</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/fur-farming.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Farming</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the fur trade is money and slaughter.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/fur-marketing.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Marketing</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- pelts pass through many international stages before getting to women.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/fur-morality.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Morality</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- fur-wearers are the ultimate key to the fur trade's existence.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />11. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/fur-species.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Species & Sales Value</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- animals the fur trade wastes.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />12. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/fur-trapping.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Fur Trapping</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- devastated native peoples and eradicated animal populations.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />13. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/factory-farming.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Factory Farming</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- one of the primary issues in animal rights.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />14. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/goldfish-bowls.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Goldfish Bowls</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- making life multi-problemed for ornamental fish.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />15. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/human-superiority.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Human Superiority</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- we cannot judge animals solely by human values.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />16. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-1-mutilation.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Mutilation of Farm Animals</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- trying to fit animals to farms, not farms to animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />17. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/religious-tradition.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Religious Tradition</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- styles of religious thought clash with animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />18. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/zoophilia.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Zoophilia</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- something the animal rights debate does not discuss.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />19. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/zoos.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Zoos</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- what are zoos for?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 9<br />Science</b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/altruism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Altruism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- why do you help others?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/behaviourism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Behaviourism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- it seriously retarded research on animal minds.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/brains.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Brain: milestones of understanding</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the main medium of thoughts, feelings and behaviour in animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/clever-hans.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Clever Hans the Counting Horse</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a lesson about attributing to animals characteristics they do not possess.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/consciousness.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Consciousness</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- how do we know other species are conscious?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/mirror-test.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Mirror Test of Animal Consciousness</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- giving animals a mirror to see if they are self-aware.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img alt="Farm animals say no to mutilation." border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/isacat-animal-rights-mutilation.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>Chapter 10<br />Ideas</b><br />
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<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/animal-rights-motto.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Animal Rights Motto</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a forceful motto for your animal rights work.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/expanding-the-circle.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Expanding the Circle</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- extending our moral circle outwards from humanity.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/cat-traffic-training.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Cat Traffic Training</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- do not let the motorist nobble your cat.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/dogs.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Dog Training</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- communicate effectively with your dog with these effective tips..</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-2-fivefreedoms.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">The Five Freedoms</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- ideals of welfare more honoured in the breach.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/great-apes.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Great Apes</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- bestowing rights on great apes.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/han.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Han means He or She</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- avoid repeating 'he or she' all the time.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/it-stop-calling-animals.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">It - Stop Calling Animals It</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- calling animals 'it' degrades them into the class of things.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/number-fallacy.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Number Fallacy</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- because there are lots of them it is all right to kill them?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/creature-harmony.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Invertebrate Harmony</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- we should try to live in harmony with all creatures.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />11. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Posters, Paintings, Cartoons & Prints</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- use these graphics freely.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />12. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/predation.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Predation</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- predators cannot make moral choices and predation is vital for life.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />13. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/soul.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Soul</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- do humans have souls while animals do not?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />14. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch8-8-think.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Think Like an Animal</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- thoughts need not be based on language.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />15. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/euphemisms.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Euphemisms</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- beware the hidden euphemism.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />16. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/universal-declaration-animals.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Universal Declaration on Animals</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the hope is to recognise animals as sentient beings.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />17. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/universal-declaration-welfare.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- draft of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />18. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/vegetarianism.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Vegetarianism</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- making a start is a declaration example.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />19. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/vermin.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Vermin</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- ecological rivals are competitors not scum.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />20. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/wolf-ethics.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Wolf Ethics</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- do not lose a major battle to live with animal life.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<tr><td style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img alt="Chickens need life." border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/isacat-chickens-life.jpg" /></td></tr>
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More <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html" style="color: #404040; line-height: 13px; text-decoration: initial;"><u>free graphics</u></a>.</div>
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<b>Chapter 11<br />Personalities</b><br />
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<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/aquinas-thomas.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Aquinas, Thomas</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- God made animals for man and it is not a sin to kill them.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 2. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/aristotle.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Aristotle</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- animals cannot reason so we can use them without consideration.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 3. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/bentham-jeremy.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Bentham, Jeremy</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the question is not can animals reason but can they suffer?</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 4. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/copernicus-nicolaus.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Copernicus, Nicolaus</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- humanity does not occupy a privileged position in the cosmos.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 5. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/darwin-charles.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Darwin & Natural Selection</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- explained how humans are animals that evolved from animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 6. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/descartes.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Descartes</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- propounded that animals are automata, a view adopted by science.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 7. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-2-lawrence.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">John Lawrence</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- on of the earliest modern writers on animal rights.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 8. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-4-martin.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Richard Martin</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- he fought for laws and duelled for animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /> 9. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-8-salt.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Henry Salt</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the first animal rights book.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />10. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-1-best.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Steven Best</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- we are in a battlefield not at a bargaining table.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />11. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-3-linzey.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Andrew Linzey</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the face of Christianity embracing animals.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />12. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-5-mclibel.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">The McLibel Two</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- laid bare the nasty deeds of quick food business.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />13. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-6-newkirk.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Ingrid Newkirk</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a wheel needs all its spokes to make it go round.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />14. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-7-phipps.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Jill Phipps</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- a hero whose actions will inspire.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />15. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-9-spira.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Henry Spira</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- the most effective activist of the modern animal rights movement.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br />16. <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch6-10-regan-ryder-singer.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Philosophers Three</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- activism comes in words as well as deeds.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<img alt="How to Do Animal Rights" border="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/beginindex.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15.350000381469727px;" /><br />
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<b>Chapter 12<br />Sundry Animal Rights Stuff</b><br />
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="4" /><br />
<ul class="nav" style="line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Posters, Paintings, Cartoons & Prints</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- use these freely for your non-profit animal rights work.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /><br /><a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/glossary.html" style="color: #404040; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Glossary</a><h3 class="icaps" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
- glossary of animal rights and related terms on this web site.</h3>
<img alt="" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/spacer.gif" vspace="1" /></ul>
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<div class="bodylink">
More <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch0-2-paintings.html" style="color: #404040; line-height: 13px; text-decoration: initial;"><u>free graphics</u></a>.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-46798843061033148512012-08-29T18:51:00.002-04:002012-08-29T18:51:38.926-04:00Follow me on Research Gate<a href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maynard_Clark/" title="Maynard S. Clark"><img alt="Maynard S. Clark" src="http://www.researchgate.net/images/public/profile_share_badge.png" /></a><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-43724927285587012132012-08-29T18:49:00.001-04:002012-08-29T18:49:45.530-04:00Soy versus dows' milk dairy: what's the Comparative Ecological Footprint )CEF) of the various 'milks'?<h1>
Soy versus dairy: what's the footprint of milk?
</h1>
By <a href="http://theconversation.edu.au/profiles/judith-friedlander-8951">Judith Friedlander</a><em>, University of Technology, Sydney</em><br />
Are soy milk’s environmental attributes based on substance or froth? Is soy a sustainable solution in the dairy debate?<br />
Comparative environmental analysis of different food groups is like comparing, well, apples and oranges.<br />
Reports such as the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM">Livestock’s Long Shadow</a> document the negative environmental impacts of cattle and dairy production and consumption.<br />
If cattle are major emitters of the intensive greenhouse gas methane and use large amounts of water, are protein alternatives such as soy less harmful to the environment?<br />
Soy, of course, is much more than soy milk. <a href="http://www.csiro.au/promos/ozadvances/Series6Soy.html">According to the CSIRO</a>, “60 per cent of all products at the supermarket already contain soybean”. (Look at the ingredients lists on breads, flours, oils, pet food and sausages, for example.)<br />
The Federal Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry’s (DAFF’s) Australian Food Statistics (2011) <a href="http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/2144103/aust-food-statistics-2011-1023july12.pdf">report</a> states that Australia produced 47kt of soybeans in 2010-11 and imported $36M worth of oilseeds in 2010-11 (soybean is classified as an oilseed rather than a pulse).<br />
<br />
<figure class="align-centre"><img src="https://c479107.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/14428/width668/dgd4p97v-1345440935.jpg" /><figcaption>In 15 years, world production of soya has doubled. <span class="source">Carol Von Canon</span></figcaption></figure><br />
According to <a href="http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Plant-Industry/AndrewJames.aspx">Dr Andrew James</a>, who leads CSIRO’s soybean breeding program, the vast majority of whole-bean soy products Australians consume – such as tofu, soy milk and many baking products – derive from Australian grown beans. However, the soy components used in processed foods generally come from imported soy protein powder, isolate or lecithin.<br />
“We also import 500 to 800,000 tonnes of soybean meal. A crude guess is that would cost about $600 a tonne. That’s $500 million or more,” says Dr James.<br />
Australians have been developing a taste for soy milk over the last decade. A <a href="http://www.australianoilseeds.com/soy_australia">Soy Australia</a> <a href="http://www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/8177/Industry__and__Market_Review_2011.pdf">report</a> showed in 2009 Australians drank three litres each of soy milk a year. This is a 50% increase on 1998.<br />
The report also claimed that most of the soy milk production in Australia is based on imported soy protein or soy protein isolate, a refined form of soy protein made from defatted soy flour.<br />
Says Dr James: “If the milk is made from whole beans it will be Australian-grown beans that are used. If made from protein powder or isolate then that will be imported.”<br />
In 2010-11, Australians <a href="http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/2144103/aust-food-statistics-2011-1023july12.pdf">drank 2296 ML</a> of “dairy milk”, and 2061 ML in 2005-06. The annual average 2005-07 milk consumption per Australian was 230kg (approximately 223 litres).<br />
Soy milk, soy-based drinks, soy dairy-free products and energy bars showed the strongest growth. Traditional foods like tofu have seen a decline in the past couple of years.<br />
<br />
<figure class="align-left"><img src="https://c479107.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/14427/width237/njk4m4x9-1345440934.jpg" /><figcaption>It takes less energy to produce soy beans than cows' milk. <span class="source">Melissa Powers</span></figcaption></figure><br />
Australian data on the environmental impact of the dairy and soy industries is not as comprehensive as from other countries such as Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom. While there are international differences in production, life cycle analysis research is informative.<br />
A <a href="http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/5/1704S.short">recent Swedish study</a> showed a span of 0.4 to 30kg of CO₂ equivalents produced per kilogram for different food items. The lowest emissions per kilogram were from legumes, poultry, and eggs. The highest were from beef, cheese and pork.<br />
Cornell University scientist, David Pimentel, <a href="http://www.organicvalley.coop/fileadmin/pdf/ENERGY_SSR.pdf">has found</a> it takes about 14 kilo-calories (kcal) of fossil-fuel energy to produce 1kcal of milk protein using conventional milk production. Organically produced milk might require a little less than 10kcal of fossil-fuel energy per kcal.<br />
In comparison, Pimentel’s data suggests that in a conventional soybean production system, one kcal of fossil energy invested produces about 3.2kcal of soybean. For 1kcal of fossil energy invested in <em>organic</em> soybean production, you get an average of 3.8kcal of soybeans. This means it takes between .26 and .31kcal of fossil fuel to make 1kcal of soybeans (contrasted with 10-14kcal to make 1kcal of dairy milk protein).<br />
Pimentel states that soy protein accounts for about 35% of those kilocalories, so it appears that making soy protein is more energy-efficient than dairy protein.<br />
Soy milk, of course, is the sum of its parts and whether using ground soy beans or soy isolate, other ingredients are added to make the liquid that consumers use in their coffees and cereals. These extras include calcium and oil. So the production process and its energy and water components need to be considered.<br />
<br />
<figure class="align-centre"><img src="https://c479107.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/14430/width668/mwf68kdt-1345441411.jpg" /><figcaption>Soy beans have a low and energy footprint, but then there’s the footprint of converting beans to milk. <span class="source">gallixsee media/flickr</span></figcaption></figure><br />
A 2010 “current and possible futures” <a href="https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/6497/1/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_UK_food-2010.pdf">study</a> into greenhouse gas emissions across the top 45 food commodities in the UK recommended dairy milk and products be replaced by soy-based milk products.<br />
A recent <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/science/article/pii/S1470160X11004110">Dutch study</a> comparing the water footprints of soybean and equivalent animal products found that soy milk and the soy burger have much smaller water footprints than cow milk and the average beef burger. The water footprint of the soy milk products analysed in this study was 28% of the water footprint of the global average cow milk. The water footprint of the soy burger examined was 7% of the water footprint of the average beef burger in the world.<br />
Another important environmental parameter to consider is how much <a href="https://theconversation.edu.au/time-for-policy-action-on-global-phosphorus-security-5594">phosphorus</a> is used to produce food. Modern agriculture is dependent on phosphorus derived from phosphate rock. It’s a non-renewable resource, and current global reserves <a href="https://theconversation.edu.au/securing-phosphorus-food-for-thought-and-food-for-the-future-756">may be depleted</a> in 50 to 100 years. Meat and livestock production are associated with high phosphorus use and a vegetarian diet <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/science/article/pii/S095937800800099X">demands significantly less</a> phosphate fertilizer than a meat-based diet.<br />
The genetic modification (GM) debate is a series on its own, but it is relevant to note that all soybeans grown in Australia are GM-free, according to CSIRO’s Dr James. He compares this to the US, Canada, Argentina and Brazil, where over 90% of the soybeans grown are genetically modified.<br />
Dr James says that if the soy milk bought in Australia states it is made from whole soybeans, it is “most likely” made from non-GM Australian soybeans. If the label says it is made from soybean isolate, it is “most probably imported from the US”.<br />
Coffee anyone?<br />
<em>Judith Friedlander does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.</em><br />
<img alt="The Conversation" height="1" src="//counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/8498/count.gif" width="1" /><link href="http://theconversation.edu.au/soy-versus-dairy-whats-the-footprint-of-milk-8498" rel="canonical"></link>
<br />
This article was originally published at <a href="http://theconversation.edu.au/">The Conversation</a>.
Read the <a href="http://theconversation.edu.au/soy-versus-dairy-whats-the-footprint-of-milk-8498">original article</a>.
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-35907767651020165922012-06-09T22:43:00.001-04:002012-06-09T22:46:18.171-04:00Follow me on ResearchGate<a href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maynard_Clark/" title="Maynard S. Clark"><img alt="Maynard S. Clark" src="http://www.researchgate.net/images/public/profile_share_badge.png" /></a><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-87846870796929140092012-05-28T20:01:00.002-04:002012-05-28T20:01:53.926-04:00<div id="ShelfariWidget216011"><a href='http://www.shelfari.com/'>Shelfari: Book reviews on your book blog</a><script src="http://www.shelfari.com/ws/216011/widget.js?r=80955" type="text/javascript" language="javascript"></script></div><noscript><ul><li><a href="http://www.shelfari.com/books/275848/Thyroid-Power-Ten-Steps-to-Total-Health?widgetId=216011">Thyroid Power: Ten Steps to Total Health</a> by Richard Shames,...</li><li><a href="http://www.shelfari.com/books/2003050/The-Hypothyroid-Sourcebook?widgetId=216011">The Hypothyroid Sourcebook</a> by M. Sara Rosenthal</li><li><a href="http://www.shelfari.com/books/373427/Orthomolecular-Treatment-for-Schizophrenia?widgetId=216011">Orthomolecular Treatment for Schizophrenia</a> by Abram Hoffer</li></ul></noscript><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-74058649179557900722012-05-11T03:28:00.001-04:002012-05-11T03:28:30.396-04:00Petitions | The White House: Exclude hot dogs and other obesity- and cancer-causing foods from photo ops that feature the President.<a href="https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/petitions/#!/petition/exclude-hot-dogs-and-other-obesity-and-cancer-causing-foods-photo-ops-feature-president/j5wWlCT6">Petitions | The White House</a><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">WE PETITION THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION TO:</div><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Exclude hot dogs and other obesity- and cancer-causing foods from photo ops that feature the president.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">The nonprofit Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine believes that food-related photo ops featuring the president, vice president, first family, or members of the cabinet routinely conflict with government health messages. The photos often present foods that contribute most strongly to cancer, obesity, and premature mortality in a favorable light. A typical photo op depicts a president entertaining a foreign dignitary, with both stuffing processed meats or hamburgers into their mouths for the assembled cameras. All recent presidents have been involved in such events. There is no justification for encouraging Americans to eat foods that will harm them and their children. Instead, photo ops that include food should portray government officials eating healthfully.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><br />
Created: May 09, 2012</div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Issues: Health Care</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/petitions/#!/petition/exclude-hot-dogs-and-other-obesity-and-cancer-causing-foods-photo-ops-feature-president/j5wWlCT6</span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-25638426271748222292012-04-27T07:03:00.001-04:002012-04-27T07:03:22.893-04:00JP Chef, bestselling vegetarian cookbook author Didi Emmons, injured in bike crash<a href="http://jamaicaplaingazette.com/2012/04/27/chef-author-injured-in-bike-crash/">Chef, author injured in bike crash</a><br />
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<h1 style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 36px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Chef, author injured in bike crash</h1><div class="meta" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div class="date" style="color: #888888; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px;"><a href="http://jamaicaplaingazette.com/2012/04/27/chef-author-injured-in-bike-crash/">April 27, 2012</a></div>By <a href="http://jamaicaplaingazette.com/author/john-ruch/" rel="author" style="color: #205b87; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Posts by John Ruch">John Ruch</a></div><div class="entry" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">CANARY SQ.—A Jamaica Plain chef and bestselling cookbook author was injured April 6 when her bicycle hit a car door at Centre and Moraine streets.<br />
Didi Emmons said she spent a night in the hospital with a concussion after the accident in a post on her Facebook page. She noted that she fell in front of an MBTA bus that stopped before hitting her.<br />
“It has spun a whole new spin on my existence,” she wrote. Emmons did not respond to a <a href="http://jamaicaplaingazette.com/2012/04/27/chef-author-injured-in-bike-crash/"><i>Gazette</i> interview request</a>.<br />
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<div id="beacon_506de34a6d" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://d1.openx.org/lg.php?bannerid=669861&campaignid=310138&zoneid=231653&loc=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaicaplaingazette.com%2F2012%2F04%2F27%2Fchef-author-injured-in-bike-crash%2F&cb=506de34a6d&r_id=a5d90e297f4c92d50dcf631264f1a0fa&r_ts=m34wiy" style="border: 0px; height: 0px; max-width: 576px; width: 0px;" width="0" /></div></div>Emmons is known for establishing Roxbury’s <a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS478US478&sugexp=chrome,mod=5&ix=uh&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=%22Haley+House%22+Bakery+Cafe">Haley House</a> Bakery Café and writing the 1997 bestseller “<b><u><a href="http://www.didiemmons.com/content/vegetarian-planet">Vegetarian Planet</a></u></b>.” She promoted her latest book, “<b><u><a href="http://www.didiemmons.com/content/wild-flavors">Wild Flavors</a></u></b>,” at a dinner event last fall at <a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS478US478&aq=f&sugexp=chrome,mod=5&ix=uh&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=%22Tres+Gatos%22+Jamaica+Plain">Tres Gatos</a>, which stands near the bike accident scene.<br />
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NOTE: Didi Emmons recently (April 25) lectured at Northeastern University's <a href="http://www.northeastern.edu/policyschool/lectures-and-seminars/open-classroom/video-recordings/">Food & American Society: An Urban Perspective course</a>, the video and PowerPoint of which are at:<br />
<a href="http://www.northeastern.edu/policyschool/lectures-and-seminars/open-classroom/video-recordings/">http://www.northeastern.edu/policyschool/lectures-and-seminars/open-classroom/video-recordings/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Maynard</i> </span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><strong></strong></span><br />
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<div><b><span style="color: green; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"></span></b></div></div></div><div><strong style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="color: green; font-size: x-small;">Maynard S. Clark</span></span></strong><strong>, MSM</strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333;">| GoogleChat: </span>Maynard.Clark</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333;"> | Skype: </span></span></div><strong><span style="color: green;">Google Voice</span></strong> (<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span class="skype_pnh_print_container_1335446470">617-615-9672</span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1"><span class="skype_pnh_mark"> begin_of_the_skype_highlighting</span> <span class="skype_pnh_highlighting_inactive_common" dir="ltr" skypeaction="skype_dropdown" title="Click to make a low cost call with Skype"><span class="skype_pnh_left_span" skypeaction="skype_dropdown" title="Skype actions"> </span><span class="skype_pnh_dropart_span" skypeaction="skype_dropdown" title="Skype actions"><span class="skype_pnh_dropart_flag_span" skypeaction="skype_dropdown"> </span> </span><span class="skype_pnh_textarea_span"><span class="skype_pnh_text_span">617-615-9672</span></span><span class="skype_pnh_right_span"> </span></span> <span class="skype_pnh_mark">end_of_the_skype_highlighting</span></span></strong></span>) <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">reaches all my phones</span><br />
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<div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Welcoming connections on </span><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/maynardclark/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a> and FANS at <a href="http://www.facebook.com/MaynardSClark" target="_blank">Facebook</a></div><div><a href="http://maynard.clark.googlepages.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">http://</span></a><a href="http://www.maynard/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Maynard.Clark.GooglePages.com</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"> - Photos of India trip!</span></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-18305554686645858642011-09-25T12:36:00.000-04:002011-09-25T12:38:25.263-04:00n-3 - Omega 3s<br />
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For an explanation of <i style="font-style: normal;">n</i> and numerical nomenclature (such as <i style="font-style: normal;">n</i>−3 or 18:3), see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid#Nomenclature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid#Nomenclature</a>.</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(244, 196, 48); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 10px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 1037px;">This article <b>may be too <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technical#Adjective" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:technical">technical</a> for most readers to understand</b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">improve</a> this article to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Omega-3_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Omega-3 fatty acid">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. <small><i>(November 2010)</i></small></td></tr>
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<table class="infobox" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">fats</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food">food</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsaturated fat">Unsaturated fat</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fat</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fat</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cis fat">Cis fat</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Omega fatty acids:<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><strong class="selflink">ω−3</strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">ω−6</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-9 fatty acid">ω−9</a></li>
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</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesterified_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Interesterified fat">Interesterified fat</a></li>
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<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">See also</th></tr>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a></li>
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<b><i>N</i>−3 fatty acids</b> (popularly referred to as <b>ω−3 fatty acids</b> or <b>omega-3 fatty acids</b>) are essential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond#Bond_order" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Double bond">double bond</a> (C=C) starting after the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Molecules">molecules</a> that cannot be synthesized by the human body but are vital for normal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. One of the two families of these essential fatty acids is the omega-3 fatty acids.</div>
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The carbon chain has two ends—the acid (COOH) end and the methyl (CH<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>) end. The location of the first double bond is counted from the methyl end, which is also known as the omega (ω) end or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid#Nomenclature_and_terminology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid"><i>n</i></a> end.</div>
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Nutritionally important <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">α-linolenic acid</a> (ALA), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA), all of which are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a>.</div>
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Common sources of <i>n</i>–3 fatty acids include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oils</a> and some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant oil">plant oils</a> such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxseed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flaxseed">flaxseed</a> oil and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Algal">algal</a> oil.</div>
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Mammals cannot synthesize <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids, but have a limited ability to form the "long-chain" <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids EPA (20-carbon atoms) and DHA (22-carbon atoms) from the "short-chain" eighteen-carbon <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid ALA.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">show</a>]</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2>
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Chemical structure of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid, (18:3Δ9c,12c,15c, which means a chain of 18 carbons with 3 double bonds on carbons numbered 9, 12, and 15). Although chemists count from the carbonyl carbon (blue numbering), physiologists count from the <i>n</i> (ω) carbon (red numbering). Note that, from the <i>n</i> end (diagram right), the first double bond appears as the third carbon-carbon bond (line segment), hence the name "<i>n</i>−3". This is explained by the fact that the <i>n</i>end is almost never changed during physiologic transformations in the human body, as it is more energy-stable, and other carbohydrates compounds can be synthesized from the other carbonyl end, for example in glycerides, or from double bonds in the middle of the chain.</div>
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Chemical structure of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).</div>
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Chemical structure of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).</div>
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<i>N</i>−3 fatty acids that are important in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (18:3, <i>n</i>−3; ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, <i>n</i>−3; EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, <i>n</i>−3; DHA). These three <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturates</a> have either 3, 5, or 6 double bonds in a carbon chain of 18, 20, or 22 carbon atoms, respectively. As with most naturally-produced fatty acids, all double bonds are in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cis-trans isomerism">cis</a></i>-configuration; in other words, the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond.</div>
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Like free oxygen radicals, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Iodine">iodine</a> can add to double bonds of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid forming iodolipids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Venturi_0-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Venturi-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: List of n−3 fatty acids">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_n.E2.88.923_fatty_acids">List of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids</span></h3>
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This table lists several different names for the most common <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids found in nature.</div>
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<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Lipid name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Chemical name</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexadecatrienoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexadecatrienoic acid (page does not exist)">Hexadecatrienoic acid</a> (HTA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">16:3 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> (ALA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18:3 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Stearidonic acid">Stearidonic acid</a> (SDA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18:4 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eicosatrienoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosatrienoic acid (page does not exist)">Eicosatrienoic acid</a> (ETE)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:3 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosatetraenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosatetraenoic acid">Eicosatetraenoic acid</a> (ETA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:4 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">Eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">20:5 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heneicosapentaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Heneicosapentaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Heneicosapentaenoic acid</a> (HPA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21:5 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all-cis</i>-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosapentaenoic acid">Docosapentaenoic acid</a> (DPA),<br />
Clupanodonic acid</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">22:5 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">Docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">22:6 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetracosapentaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracosapentaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Tetracosapentaenoic acid</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">24:5 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetracosahexaenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracosahexaenoic acid (page does not exist)">Tetracosahexaenoic acid</a> (Nisinic acid)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">24:6 (<i>n</i>−3)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>all</i>-<i>cis</i>-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Significance_to_human_nutrition_and_health">Significance to human nutrition and health</span></h2>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Although omega-3 fatty acids have been known as essential to normal growth and health since the 1930s, awareness of their health benefits has dramatically increased since the 1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> New versions of ethyl esterized omega-3 fatty acids, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> and combinations of E-EPA and E-DHA, have drawn attention as highly purified and more effective products than the traditional ones. In the United States and European Union, these novel versions are often sold as prescription medications, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovaza" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lovaza">Lovaza</a>. Elsewhere they are available as dietary supplements.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The health benefits of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids — DHA and EPA omega-3 — are the best-known. These benefits were discovered in the 1970s by researchers studying the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inuit">Greenland Inuit Tribe</a>. The Greenland Inuit people consumed large amounts of fat from meat, but displayed virtually no cardiovascular disease. The high level of omega-3 fatty acids consumed by the Inuit reduced <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerides" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglycerides">triglycerides</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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On September 8, 2004, the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> gave "qualified health claim" status to EPA and DHA <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids, stating that "supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA [<i>n</i>−3] fatty acids may reduce the risk of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2004_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fda2004-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> This updated and modified their health risk advice letter of 2001 (see below). As of this writing, regulatory agencies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from December 2010">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> do not accept that there is sufficient evidence for any of the suggested benefits of DHA and EPA other than for cardiovascular health, and further claims should be treated with caution.</div>
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The Canadian Government has recognized the importance of DHA omega-3 and permits the following biological role claim for DHA: "DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, supports the normal development of the brain, eyes and nerves."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Biological_significance">Biological significance</span></h3>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><i>The biological effects of the</i> n<i>−3 are largely mediated by their interactions with the</i> n<i>−6 fatty acids; see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a> for detail.</i></dd></dl>
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A 1992 article by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Biochemistry">biochemist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E.M._Lands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="William E.M. Lands">William E.M. Lands</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> provides an overview of the research into <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids, and is the basis of this section.</div>
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The 'essential' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they are essential to normal growth in young children and animals. (Note that the modern definition of '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential</a>' is more strict.) A small amount of <i>n</i>−3 in the diet (~1% of total calories) enabled normal growth, and increasing the amount had little to no additional effect on growth.</div>
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Likewise, researchers found that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid"><i>n</i>−6 fatty acids</a> (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Gamma-linolenic acid">γ-linolenic acid</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>) play a similar role in normal growth. However, they also found that <i>n</i>−6 was "better" at supporting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Dermis">dermal</a> integrity, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Renal">renal</a> function, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parturition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Parturition">parturition</a>. These preliminary findings led researchers to concentrate their studies on <i>n</i>−6, and it is only in recent decades that <i>n</i>−3 has become of interest.</div>
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In 1964, it was discovered that enzymes found in sheep tissues convert <i>n</i>−6 arachidonic acid into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> agent called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> E<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> which both causes the sensation of pain and expedites healing and immune response in traumatized and infected tissues.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1979, more of what are now known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoids</a> were discovered: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostacyclin">prostacyclins</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> The eicosanoids, which have important biological functions, typically have a short active lifetime in the body, starting with synthesis from fatty acids and ending with metabolism by enzymes. However, if the rate of synthesis exceeds the rate of metabolism, the excess eicosanoids may have deleterious effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup>Researchers found that certain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids are also converted into eicosanoids, but at a much slower rate. Eicosanoids made from <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids are often referred to as anti-inflammatory, but in fact they are just less inflammatory than those made from <i>n</i>−6 fats. If both <i>n</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids are present, they will "compete" to be transformed,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> so the ratio of long-chain <i>n</i>−3:<i>n</i>−6 fatty acids directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</div>
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This competition was recognized as important when it was found that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a> is a factor in the clumping of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, which can both cause death by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> and cause death by bleeding. Likewise, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a> were found to be important in immune/inflammatory-system response, and therefore relevant to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and recovery from infections. These discoveries led to greater interest in finding ways to control the synthesis of <i>n</i>−6 eicosanoids. The simplest way would be by consuming more <i>n</i>−3 and fewer <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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When administered as the ethyl ester, the omega-3 fatty acid EPA appears to form potent anti-inflammatory molecules, called resolvins and omega-3-oxylipins,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> which may partly explain the positive effects of fish oil.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA may act as direct ligands to a cell surface <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="G-protein">G-protein</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Receptor">receptor</a>, affecting anti-inflammatory and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Insulin">insulin</a> sensitization in mice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Interconversion">Interconversion</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Conversion_efficiency_of_ALA_to_EPA_and_DHA">Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA</span></h4>
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The short-chain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids are converted to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA) with an efficiency below 5%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> in men, and at a greater percentage in women which may be due to the importance for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for DHA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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These conversions occur competitively with <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids, which are essential closely related chemical analogues that are derived from linoleic acid. Both the <i>n</i>−3 α-linolenic acid and <i>n</i>−6 linoleic acid must be obtained from food. Synthesis of the longer <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids from linolenic acid within the body is competitively slowed by the <i>n</i>−6 analogues. Thus, accumulation of long-chain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids in tissues is more effective when they are obtained directly from food or when competing amounts of <i>n</i>−6 analogs do not greatly exceed the amounts of <i>n</i>−3.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The conversion of ALA to EPA and further to DHA in humans has been reported to be limited, but varies with individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ceol_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ceol-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> Women have higher ALA conversion efficiency than men, it is presumed due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta-oxidation. This suggests that biological engineering of ALA conversion efficiency is possible. Goyens <i>et al.</i> argue that it the absolute amount of ALA, rather than the ratio of <i>n</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids, controls the conversion efficiency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cala_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-cala-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="The_n.E2.88.926_to_n.E2.88.923_ratio">The <i>n</i>−6 to <i>n</i>−3 ratio</span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a></div>
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Some clinical studies<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lands1992_8-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Okuyama2001_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Okuyama2001-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid_18196988_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-pmid_18196988-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> indicate that the ingested ratio of <i>n</i>−6 to <i>n</i>−3 (especially linoleic vs alpha-linolenic) fatty acids is important to maintaining cardiovascular health. However, two studies published in 2005 and 2007 found that while <i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are extremely beneficial in preventing heart disease in humans, the levels of <i>n</i>−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (and therefore the ratios) were insignificant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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Both <i>n</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids are essential; i.e., humans must consume them in the diets. <i>N</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 eighteen-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids compete for the same metabolic enzymes, thus the <i>n</i>−6:<i>n</i>−3 ratio will significantly influence the ratio of the ensuing eicosanoids (hormones), (e.g., <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotrienes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Leukotrienes">leukotrienes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxanes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Thromboxanes">thromboxanes</a>, etc.), and will alter the body's metabolic function.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> In general, grass-fed animals accumulate more <i>n</i>−3 than do grain-fed animals, which accumulate relatively more <i>n</i>−6.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Duckett_Animal_Finishing-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolites" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Metabolites">Metabolites</a> of <i>n</i>−6 are more inflammatory (esp. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>) than those of <i>n</i>−3. This necessitates that <i>n</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 be consumed in a <i>balanced proportion</i>; healthy ratios of <i>n</i>−6:<i>n</i>−3 range from 1:1 to 1:4 (an individual needs more <i>n</i>−3 than <i>n</i>−6.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tribole2007_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-tribole2007-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lands2005_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-lands2005-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> Studies suggest the evolutionary human diet, rich in game animals, seafood, and other sources of <i>n</i>−3, may have provided such a ratio.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simopoulos2003_25-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-simopoulos2003-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simopoulos2000_26-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-simopoulos2000-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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Typical Western diets provide ratios of between 10:1 and 30:1 (i.e., dramatically higher levels of <i>n</i>−6 than <i>n</i>-3).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> The ratios of <i>n</i>−6 to <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids in some common vegetable oils are: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Canola">canola</a> 2:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Soybean">soybean</a> 7:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Olive">olive</a> 3–13:1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a> (no<i>n</i>−3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">flax</a> 1:3,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cottonseed">cottonseed</a> (almost no <i>n</i>−3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Peanut">peanut</a> (no <i>n</i>−3), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapeseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Grapeseed oil">grapeseed oil</a> (almost no <i>n</i>−3) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a> 46:1 ratio of <i>n</i>−6 to <i>n</i>−3.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NIHefaeducationpage_29-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-NIHefaeducationpage-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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As a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> expert explains, <i>n</i>-6 fatty acids also reduce inflammation and protect against heart disease, so the <i>n</i>-3 to <i>n</i>-6 ratio "is of no value in evaluating diet quality or predicting disease".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-harvard_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-harvard-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Potential_health_benefits">Potential health benefits</span></h3>
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The 18 carbon α-linolenic acid (ALA) has not been shown to have the same cardiovascular benefits that DHA or EPA may have.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vonSchacky2003_31-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-vonSchacky2003-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Currently, there are many products on the market that claim to contain health-promoting "omega 3", but contain only ALA, not EPA or DHA. These products contain mainly plant oils and must be converted by the body to create DHA. DHA and EPA are made by marine <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a>. These are then consumed by fish and accumulate to high levels in their internal organs. The United States <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> issues fish consumption advisories to empower Americans to avoid toxic mercury levels in certain fish and shellfish while still reaping the possible health benefits of consuming fish and shellfish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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Some evidence suggests that people with certain circulatory problems, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>, may benefit from the consumption of EPA and DHA, which may stimulate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulatory system">blood circulation</a>, increase the breakdown of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a>, a compound involved in clot and scar formation, and, in addition, may reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Morris1993_33-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Morris1993-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mori1993_34-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Mori1993-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Evidently, <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood">blood</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris1997_35-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Harris1997-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sanders1997_36-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Sanders1997-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roche1996_37-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Roche1996-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davidson2007_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Davidson2007-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> and regular intake may reduce the risk of secondary and primary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bucher2002_39-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Bucher2002-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burr1994_40-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Burr1994-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Willett1993_41-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Willett1993-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stone1996_42-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Stone1996-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> A systematic review of studies prior to 2005 showed that ALA does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits of EPA and DHA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fishflax_43-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fishflax-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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Some potential benefits have been reported in conditions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fortin1995_44-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Fortin1995-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kremer1985_45-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Kremer1985-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cardiac arrhythmias">cardiac arrhythmias</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Christensen1995_46-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Christensen1995-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Christensen1996_47-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Christensen1996-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pignier2007_48-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Pignier2007-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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There is preliminary evidence that EPA supplementation, either with DPA or medication, is helpful in cases of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Su2003_49-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Su2003-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> There is also limited evidence that supplementation with <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids, alone or in combination with <i>n</i>-6 fatty acids, may reduce anxiety,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> however, the only live study to suggest an anxiety reducing effect involved <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> (as opposed to EPA or DPA).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> The <i>New York Times</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> however, reports that at least one study<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup> has not found a connection between depression in heart patients taking Sertraline and daily supplements containing two grams total of EPA and DHA during a ten-week period.</div>
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Some research suggests that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> intake may reduce the risk of ischemic and thrombotic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keli1994_56-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-keli1994-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gillum1996_57-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-gillum1996-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-iso2001_58-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-iso2001-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> although large amounts may actually increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke (see below): Lower amounts are not related to this risk;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-iso2001_58-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-iso2001-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> 3 grams of total EPA/DHA daily are generally recognized as safe (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="GRAS">GRAS</a>) with no increased risk of bleeding involved<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup> and many studies used substantially higher doses without major side effects (for example: 4.4 grams EPA/2.2 grams DHA in 2003 study).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Su2003_49-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Su2003-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cancer">Cancer</span></h4>
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Several studies report possible anti-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a> effects of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids (in particular, breast, colon, and prostate cancer).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-augustsson2003_60-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-augustsson2003-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dedeckere1999_61-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-dedeckere1999-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-caygill1995_62-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-caygill1995-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> Omega-3 fatty acids reduced prostate tumor growth, slowed histopathological progression, and increased survival in mice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> Among n-3 fatty acids [omega-3], neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a>, however, the most abundant n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup> Conversely, a 2011 study, the largest ever done involving 3,400 men, examined the association of dietary fats and prostate cancer risk, found that men with the highest blood percentages of docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, an inflammation-lowering omega-3 fatty acid commonly found in fatty fish, have two-and-a-half-times the risk of developing aggressive, high-grade prostate cancer compared to men with the lowest DHA levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_66-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-eurekalert.org-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup></div>
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A 2006 report in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a>, in their review of literature covering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cohort study">cohorts</a> from many countries with a wide variety of demographics, concluded that there was no link between <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JAMA2006_67-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-JAMA2006-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup>This is similar to the findings of a review by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> of studies up to February 2002 that failed to find clear effects of long and shorter chain <i>n</i>−3 fats on total <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, combined cardiovascular events and cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BMJ2006_68-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-BMJ2006-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup></div>
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A 2007 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> of n-3 fatty acids and cachexia found evidence that oral <i>n</i>-3 fatty acid supplements benefit cancer patients, improving appetite, weight, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup> A 2009 trial found that a supplement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> helped cancer patients retain muscle mass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</span></h4>
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In 1999, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISSI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="GISSI">GISSI</a>-Prevenzione Investigators reported in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> the results of major clinical study in 11,324 patients with a recent myocardial infarction. Treatment 1 gram per day of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids reduced the occurrence of death, cardiovascular death, and sudden cardiac death by 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup> These beneficial effects were seen from three months onwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup></div>
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In April 2006, a team led by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hooper&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Lee Hooper (page does not exist)">Lee Hooper</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, UK, published a review of almost 100 separate studies of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids found in abundance in oily fish. It concluded that they do not have a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup> This meta-analysis was controversial and stands in stark contrast with two different reviews also performed in 2006 by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wang2006_74-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-wang2006-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup> and a second <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">JAMA</a>review;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mozaffarian2006_75-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mozaffarian2006-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup> both indicated decreases in total mortality and cardiovascular incidents (i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarctions</a>) associated with the regular consumption of fish and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> supplements.</div>
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In the March 2007 edition of the journal <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a></i>, 81 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japanese</a> men with unhealthy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels were randomly assigned to receive 1800 mg daily of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), with the other half being a control group. The thickness of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and certain measures of blood flow were measured before and after supplementation. This went on for approximately two years. A total of 60 patients (30 in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> group and 30 in the control group) completed the study. Those given the EPA had a statistically significant decrease in the thickness of the carotid arteries, along with improvement in blood flow. The authors indicated that this was the first demonstration that administration of purified EPA improved the thickness of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and improved blood flow in patients with unhealthy blood sugar levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mita2007_76-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mita2007-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup></div>
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In a study published in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy March 2007, patients with high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> and poor coronary artery health were given 4 grams a day of a combination of EPA and DHA along with some monounsaturated fatty acids. Those patients with very unhealthy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels (above 500 mg/dl) reduced their triglycerides on average 45% and their VLDL <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> by more than 50%. VLDL is a "bad" type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, and elevated<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> can also be deleterious for cardiovascular health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mckenney2007_77-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-mckenney2007-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup></div>
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A study on the benefits of EPA published in <i>The Lancet</i> in March 2007 involved over 18,000 patients with unhealthy cholesterol levels. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1,800 mg a day of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> with a statin drug or a statin drug alone. The trial lasted five years. At the end of the study, those patients in the E-EPA group had superior cardiovascular function and nonfatal coronary events were also significantly reduced. The authors concluded that EPA is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, especially nonfatal coronary events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-yokoyama2007_78-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-yokoyama2007-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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Similar to those following a Mediterranean diet, Arctic-dwelling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> - who consume high amounts of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids from fatty fish - also tend to have higher proportions of <i>n</i>−3, increased HDL cholesterol and decreased <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (fatty material that circulates in the blood), and less heart disease. Eating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans regia">walnuts</a> (the ratio of <i>n</i>−6 to <i>n</i>−3 is circa 4:1<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NutritionData-walnuts_79-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-NutritionData-walnuts-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup>) was reported to lower total <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> by 4% relative to controls when people also ate 27% less cholesterol.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamb.C3.B3n2000_80-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-zamb.C3.B3n2000-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup></div>
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A study of 465 women showed that serum levels of EPA are inversely related to levels of anti-oxidized-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a> antibodies. Oxidative modification of LDL is thought to play an important role in the development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-garrido-s.C3.A1nchez2008_81-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-garrido-s.C3.A1nchez2008-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup></div>
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Survivors of past myocardial infarctions are less likely to die from an arrhythmic event if they are consuming high levels of <i>n</i>-3.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup> These antiarrhythmic effects are thought to be due to <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids' ability to increase the fibrillation threshold of the heart tissue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup></div>
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<i>N</i>-3 fatty acids also have mild antihypertensive effects. When subjects consumed <i>n</i>-3 from oily fish on a regular basis, their systolic blood pressure was lowered by about 3.5-5.5 mmHg.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Immune_function"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Immune function</span></span></h4>
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In a study regarding fish oil published in the <i>Journal of Nutrition</i> in April 2007, sixty-four healthy Danish infants from nine to twelve months of age received either cow's milk or infant formula alone or with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>. Those infants supplemented with fish oil were found to have improvement in immune function maturation, with no apparent reduction in immune activation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-damsgaard2007_85-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-damsgaard2007-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a> </sup><b>Were these studies ever repeated for flaxseed only, or comparing flaxseed with fish oil?</b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Neurology">Neurology</span></h4>
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Limited evidence suggests that long-chain <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids may delay or prevent the progression of certain psychotic disorders in high-risk children and adolescents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup> The individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia exhibited reduced levels of both<i>n</i>-6 and <i>n</i>-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the results of a study in which the treatment of high-risk children with a dietary supplement containing both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoate</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoate</a> produced a statistically significant (95% confidence, but not 97.5% confidence) decrease in progression to schizophrenia.</div>
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Consumption of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_eicosapentaenoate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethyl eicosapentaenoate">ethyl eicosapentaenoate</a> (E-EPA) partially countered memory impairment in a rat model of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup> and produced a statistically insignificant decrease in human depression.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup></div>
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<b>Fish oil has been shown to have no effect on cognitive performance in individuals 65 years of age or older without dementia.</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vadeRest2008_89-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-vadeRest2008-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Inflammation">Inflammation</span></h4>
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Although not confirmed as an approved <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_claim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Health claim">health claim</a>, current research suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of long-chain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids may translate into clinical effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup> For example, there is evidence that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>sufferers taking long-chain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids from sources such as fish have reduced pain compared to those receiving standard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="NSAID">NSAIDs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Risks">Risks</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Noncardiac_health_risks">Noncardiac health risks</span></h4>
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In a letter published October 31, 2000,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lewis_92-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Lewis-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup> the United States <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements noted that known or suspected risks of EPA and DHA consumed in excess of 3 grams per day may include the possibility of:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Increased incidence of bleeding</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">Hemorrhagic stroke</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> of omega-3 fatty acids, forming biologically active oxidation products</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol or apoproteins associated with LDL cholesterol among diabetics and hyperlipidemics</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reduced glycemic control among diabetics</li>
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Subsequent advice from the FDA and national counterparts have permitted health claims associated with heart health.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cardiac_risk">Cardiac risk</span></h4>
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Persons with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, chronic recurrent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina_pectoris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>, or evidence that their heart is receiving insufficient blood flow are advised to talk to their doctors before taking <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ornish2006_93-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ornish2006-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup> In a recent large study, <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids on top of standard heart failure therapy produced a small but statistically significant benefit in terms of mortality and hospitalization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18757090_94-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-pmid18757090-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></sup></div>
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In congestive heart failure, cells that only barely receive enough blood flow become electrically hyperexcitable. This can lead to increased risk of irregular heartbeats, which, in turn, can cause sudden cardiac death. Certain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids seem to stabilize the rhythm of the heart by effectively preventing these hyperexcitable cells from functioning, thereby reducing the likelihood of sudden cardiac death. For most people, this is beneficial and could account for most of the large reduction in the likelihood of sudden cardiac death. Nevertheless, for people with congestive heart failure, the heart is barely pumping blood well enough to keep them alive. In these patients, <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids may eliminate enough of these few pumping cells that the heart would no longer be able to pump sufficient blood to live, causing an increased, rather than decreased, risk of cardiac death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ornish2006_93-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ornish2006-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Research_frontiers">Research frontiers</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Developmental_differences">Developmental differences</span></h4>
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Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorders</a>, and other developmental differences,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-levy2005_95-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-levy2005-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-richardson2006_96-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> omega-3 fatty acids have gained popularity for children with these conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-levy2005_95-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-levy2005-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup> A 2004 Internet survey found that 29% of surveyed parents used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acid</a> supplements to treat children with autistic spectrum disorders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-green2006_97-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-green2006-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[98]</a></sup></div>
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Omega-3 fatty acids offer a promising complementary approach to standard treatments for ADHD and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Developmental coordination disorder">developmental coordination disorder</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-richardson2006_96-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-richardson2006_96-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> Double blind studies have shown "medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sinn2007_98-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-sinn2007-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[99]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-richardson2005_99-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-richardson2005-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Johnson08_100-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Johnson08-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</a></sup></div>
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A 2009 survey concluded that there is not enough scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of '<i>n</i>-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bent2009_101-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Bent2009-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[102]</a></sup> <b><u>One</u></b> randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids did not significantly affect aberrant behavior in autistic children, and although the investigators noted reduced hyperactivity,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amminger2007_102-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-amminger2007-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[103]</a></sup> their later reanalysis reported that the reduction was not statistically significant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilbert2008_103-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-Gilbert2008-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[104]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Low_birth_weight">Low birth weight</span></h4>
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In a study of nearly 9,000 pregnant women, researchers found that women that ate fish once a week during their first trimester had 27% less risk of low birth weight and premature birth than those that ate no fish. Low consumption of fish was a strong risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-olsen2002_104-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-olsen2002-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jensen1_105-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-jensen1-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[106]</a></sup> but attempts by other groups to reverse this increased risk by encouraging increased prenatal consumption of fish were unsuccessful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odent2002_106-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-odent2002-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[107]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-damsgaard2007_85-0" style="line-height: 1em;"> </sup><b>Were these studies ever repeated for flaxseed only, or comparing flaxseed with fish oil?</b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Psychiatric_disorders">Psychiatric disorders</span></h4>
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<i>n</i>−3 fatty acids are thought by some to have membrane-enhancing capabilities in brain cells. One medical explanation is that <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids play a role in the fortification of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Myelin">myelin sheaths</a>. It is no coincidence that <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids comprise approximately eight percent of the average human brain, according to Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horrobin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="David Horrobin">David Horrobin</a>, a pioneer in fatty acid research. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Holman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Ralph Holman">Ralph Holman</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, another major researcher studying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, who gave omega-3 its name, surmised how <i>n</i>−3 components are analogous to the human brain by stating that "DHA is structure; EPA is function."</div>
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A benefit of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids is helping the brain to repair damage by promoting neuronal growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup> In a six-month study involving people with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> who were treated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a> or a placebo, the placebo group had clearly lost cerebral tissue, while the patients given the supplements had a significant increase of grey and white matter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-puri2006_107-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-puri2006-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[108]</a></sup></div>
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In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> (PFC) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Brain">brain</a>, low brain <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids are thought to lower the dopaminergic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>, possibly contributing to the negative and neurocognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. This reduction in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>system function in the PFC may lead to an overactivity in dopaminergic function in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> of the brain, which is suppressively controlled by the PFC dopamine system, causing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. This is called the <i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid/dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Ohara, 2007). This mechanism may explain why <i>n</i>−3 supplementation shows effects against both positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.</div>
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As a consequence, the past decade of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid research has procured <i>some</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Western world">Western</a> interest in <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids as being a legitimate 'brain food.' Still, recent claims that one's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a>, psychological tests measuring certain cognitive skills, including numerical and verbal reasoning skills, are increased on account of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids consumed by pregnant mothers remain unreliable and controversial. An even more significant focus of research, however, lies in the role of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids as a non-prescription treatment for certain psychiatric and mental diagnoses and has become a topic of much research and speculation. A 2011 report of preliminary research on mice found that omega-3 deficiency is linked to depression and mood disorders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[109]</a></sup></div>
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In 1998, Andrew L. Stoll, MD and his colleagues at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> conducted a small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blind" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Double-blind">double-blind</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled study in thirty patients diagnosed with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>. Most subjects in this study were already undergoing psychopharmacological treatment (e.g., 12 out of the 30 were taking lithium). Over the course of four months, he gave 15 subjects capsules containing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and another 15 subjects capsules containing nine grams of pharmaceutical-quality EPA and DHA. The study showed that subjects in the <i>n</i>−3 group were less likely to experience a relapse of symptoms in the four months of the study. Moreover, the <i>n</i>−3 group experienced significantly more recovery than the placebo group. However, a commentary on the Stoll study notes that the improvement in the <i>n</i>−3 group was too small to be clinically significant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-calabrese1999_109-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-calabrese1999-109" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[110]</a></sup> Though Stoll believes that the 1999 experiment was not as optimal as it could have been and has accordingly pursued further research, the foundation has been laid for more researchers to explore the theoretical association between absorbed <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids and signal transduction inhibition in the brain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stoll1999_110-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-stoll1999-110" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[111]</a></sup></div>
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"Several epidemiological studies suggest covariation between seafood consumption and rates of mood disorders. Biological marker studies indicate deficits in omega−3 fatty acids in people with depressive disorders, while several treatment studies indicate therapeutic benefits from omega-3 supplementation. A similar contribution of omega-3 fatty acids to coronary artery disease may explain the well-described links between coronary artery disease and depression. Deficits in omega-3 fatty acids have been identified as a contributing factor to mood disorders and offer a potential rational treatment approach."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nemets2006_111-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-nemets2006-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[112]</a></sup> In 2004, a study found that 100 suicide attempt patients on average had significantly lower levels of EPA in their blood as compared to controls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-huan2004_112-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-huan2004-112" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[113]</a></sup></div>
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In a recent study, low levels of DHA were associated with an increased risk of suicide for members of the U.S. military.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[114]</a></sup></div>
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In 2006, the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Subcommittee, assembled by the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) stated the following: "The preponderance of epidemiologic and tissue compositional studies supports a protective effect of omega-3 EFA intake, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mood disorders. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate a statistically significant benefit in unipolar and bipolar depression (p=.02). The results were highly heterogeneous, indicating that it is important to examine the characteristics of each individual study to note the differences in design and execution. There is less evidence of benefit in schizophrenia. EPA and DHA appear to have negligible risks and some potential benefit in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, but results remain inconclusive in most areas of interest in psychiatry. Health benefits of omega-3 EFA may be especially important in patients with psychiatric disorders, due to high prevalence rates of smoking and obesity and the metabolic side effects of some psychotropic medications."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[115]</a></sup><a class="external free" href="http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10007556&RSID=69755683854317" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10007556&RSID=69755683854317</a></div>
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Another meta-analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry in 2007, based on 10 clinical trials, found that Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly improved depression in patients with both unipolar and bipolar disorder. However, based upon the heterogeneity of the trials, the authors concluded that "more large-scale, well-controlled trials are needed to find out the favorable target subjects, therapeutic dose of EPA and the composition of omega-3 PUFAs in treating depression".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lin2007_115-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-lin2007-115" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[116]</a></sup> A small American trial, published in 2009, concluded that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="E-EPA">E-EPA</a>, as monotherapy, demonstrated a statistically insignificant advantage over placebo, thought to be due to study limitations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[117]</a></sup> However, a 2011 longitudinal study of over 50,000 women, conducted at Harvard University, found no association between intake of EPA and DPA and a reduction in depression, over a period of ten years. The study did, on the other hand, find that intake of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> was positively associated with a significant reduction in depression in the same group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[118]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Dietary_sources">Dietary sources</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Daily_values">Daily values</span></h4>
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As macronutrients, fats are not assigned <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_daily_allowance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Recommended daily allowance">recommended daily allowances</a>. Macronutrients have acceptable intake (AI) levels and acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) instead of RDAs. The AI for <i>n</i>−3 is 1.6 grams/day for men and 1.1 grams/day for women,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FNBp423_118-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp423-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a></sup><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, while the AMDR is 0.6% to 1.2% of total energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FNBp770_119-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp770-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a></sup><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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A growing body of literature suggests that higher intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may afford some degree of protection against <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>. Because the physiological potency of EPA and DHA is much greater than that of ALA, it is not possible to estimate one AMDR for all <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids. Approximately 10 percent of the AMDR can be consumed as EPA and/or DHA."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FNBp770_119-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp770-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a></sup> There was insufficient evidence as of 2005 to set an upper tolerable limit for <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FNBp423_118-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-FNBp423-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Heavy metal poisoning">Heavy metal poisoning</a> by the body's accumulation of traces of heavy metals, in particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, is a possible risk from consuming fish oil supplements. Also, other contaminants (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>, and PBDEs) might be found, especially in less-refined fish oil supplements. In reality, however, heavy metal toxicity from consuming fish oil supplements is highly unlikely, because heavy metals selectively bind with protein in the fish flesh rather than accumulate in the oil. An independent test in 2006 of 44 fish oils on the US market found all of the products passed safety standards for potential contaminants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CL2005_120-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-CL2005-120" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[121]</a></sup> The FDA recommends that the total dietary intake of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids from fish not exceed 3 grams per day, with no more than 2 grams per day from nutritional supplements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2004_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-fda2004-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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A recent trend has been to fortify food with <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid supplements. Global food companies have launched <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid fortified bread, orange juice, children's pasta, popcorn, confections, and infant formula.</div>
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Plant_sources">Plant sources</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/250px-Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #002bb8; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flax seeds</a> produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, which has a very high ALA content</div>
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These <b><u>tables</u></b> are incomplete (not the n-3).</div>
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<b>Table 1.</b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">ALA</a> content as the percentage of the seed oil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sofadb_132-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-sofadb-132" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[133]</a></sup></div>
<table cellpadding="1" class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Alternative name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_name" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linnaean name">Linnaean name</a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">% ALA</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">shiso</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Perilla frutescens">Perilla frutescens</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">61</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Chia seed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">chia sage</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">58</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax"><b>Flax</b></a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><b>linseed</b></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>Linum usitatissimum</i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">55</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lingonberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Cowberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Vaccinium vitis-idaea</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">49</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Camelina</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gold-of-pleasure</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelina_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">36</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Purslane</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca">Portulaca</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i>Portulaca oleracea</i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">35</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Black raspberry</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_occidentalis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Rubus occidentalis">Rubus occidentalis</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">33</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hemp</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">19</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b>Table 2.</b> ALA content as the percentage of the whole food.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uos_133-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-uos-133" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[134]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ngg_134-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-ngg-134" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[135]</a></sup></div>
<table cellpadding="1" class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Common name</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_name" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linnaean name">Linnaean name</a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">% ALA</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><b>Flaxseed</b></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linum usitatissimum">Linum usitatissimum</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">18.1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Butternuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans cinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">8.7</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hempseed</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">8.7</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Persian walnuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Juglans regia">Juglans regia</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">6.3</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pecan nuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Carya illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">0.6</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hazel nuts</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Corylus avellana">Corylus avellana</a></i></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">0.1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flaxseed (or linseed)</a> (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>) and its oil are perhaps the most widely available <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Botanical">botanical</a> source of the <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid ALA. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">Flaxseed oil</a> consists of approximately 55% ALA, which makes it six times richer than most fish oils in<i>n</i>−3 fatty acids</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-flaxcod_135-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-flaxcod-135" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[136]</a></sup><b> although it contains negligible amounts of EPA and DHA, the <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids that FDA considers healthful."</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cspinet.org_136-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-cspinet.org-136" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[137]</a></sup></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca oleracea">Purslane</a> contains more ALA<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_note-137" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[138]</a></sup> than any other leafy vegetable plant. Purslane also contains .01 mg/g<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (0.001%) of EPA, which is an extraordinary amount for a vegetable source.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_sources">Other sources</span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a> <i>Crypthecodinium cohnii</i> and <i>Schizochytrium</i> are rich sources of DHA, and can be produced commercially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioreactor">bioreactors</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the only source of DHA acceptable to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Vegetarianism">vegans</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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Oil from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a> (kelp) is a source of EPA.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Acai">Acai</a> palm fruit contains an unspecified quantity of unspecified <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="multicol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; width: 1404px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_omega-3_fatty_acids" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="List of omega-3 fatty acids">List of <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-6 fatty acid"><i>n</i>−6 fatty acid</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega-9 fatty acid"><i>n</i>−9 fatty acid</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential fatty acid interactions">Essential fatty acid interactions</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li>
</ul>
</td><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathic_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Naturopathic medicine">Naturopathic medicine</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelina_sativa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Hempseed oil">Hempseed oil</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Flax">Flax</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytonutrients&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytonutrients (page does not exist)">Phytonutrients</a></li>
</ul>
</td><td align="left" style="width: 468px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a></i> (chia)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portulaca oleracea">Purslane</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolvins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Resolvins">Resolvins</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakame" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wakame">Wakame</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;">
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<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foods.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Foods.jpg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Foods.jpg/20px-Foods.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
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</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit&section=34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-Venturi-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Venturi_0-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Venturi S; Bégin ME (2010). "Thyroid Hormone, Iodine and Human Brain Evolution". In Cunnane S; Stewart K. <i>Environmental Influences on Human Brain Evolution</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=gfkRnv20GtsC&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">105–124</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45268-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45268-4">978-0-470-45268-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Thyroid+Hormone%2C+Iodine+and+Human+Brain+Evolution&rft.atitle=Environmental+Influences+on+Human+Brain+Evolution&rft.aulast=Venturi+S&rft.au=Venturi+S&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfkRnv20GtsC%26pg%3DPA105%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse+105%E2%80%93124%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-470-45268-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cocchi, M.; Venturi, S. (2000). "Iodide, antioxidant function and Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids: a new hypothesis of a biochemical cooperation?".<i>Progress in Nutrition</i> <b>2</b>: 15–19.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iodide%2C+antioxidant+function+and+Omega-6+and+Omega-3+fatty+acids%3A+a+new+hypothesis+of+a+biochemical+cooperation%3F&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Nutrition&rft.aulast=Cocchi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Cocchi%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Venturi%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=15%E2%80%9319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ingenbleek, Y; Jung, L; Férard, G; Bordet, F; Goncalves, AM; Dechoux, L (1997). "Iodised rapeseed oil for eradication of severe endemic goitre". <i>Lancet</i><b>350</b> (9090): 1542–5. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2902427-6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02427-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388412" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9388412</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iodised+rapeseed+oil+for+eradication+of+severe+endemic+goitre&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.aulast=Ingenbleek&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ingenbleek%2C%26%2332%3BY&rft.au=Jung%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=F%C3%A9rard%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=Bordet%2C%26%2332%3BF&rft.au=Goncalves%2C%26%2332%3BAM&rft.au=Dechoux%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=9090&rft.pages=1542%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2902427-6&rft_id=info:pmid/9388412&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ingenbleek Y, Jung L, Férard G (2000). "Brassiodol: A new iodised oil for eradication of endemic goitre". <i>Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</i> <b>13</b> (1): 85–96. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%282000%2913%3A1%3C85%3A%3AAID-JTRA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(2000)13:1<85::AID-JTRA10>3.0.CO;2-E</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brassiodol%3A+A+new+iodised+oil+for+eradication+of+endemic+goitre&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Trace+Elements+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.aulast=Ingenbleek&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ingenbleek%26%2332%3BY&rft.au=Jung%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=F%C3%A9rard%26%2332%3BG&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85%E2%80%9396&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%282000%2913%3A1%3C85%3A%3AAID-JTRA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Holman RT (February 1998). "The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health". <i>J. Nutr.</i> <b>128</b> (2 Suppl): 427S–433S.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478042" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9478042</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+slow+discovery+of+the+importance+of+omega+3+essential+fatty+acids+in+human+health&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Holman+RT&rft.au=Holman+RT&rft.date=February+1998&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=427S%E2%80%93433S&rft_id=info:pmid/9478042&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Hjorne N (1975). "Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos". <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i> <b>28</b> (9): 958–66. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1163480" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1163480</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatty+acid+composition+of+the+plasma+lipids+in+Greenland+Eskimos&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Dyerberg+J%2C+Bang+HO%2C+Hjorne+N&rft.au=Dyerberg+J%2C+Bang+HO%2C+Hjorne+N&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=958%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:pmid/1163480&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fda2004-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fda2004_6-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fda2004_6-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation pressrelease" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/SiteIndex/ucm108351.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"FDA announces qualified health claims for omega-3 fatty acids"</a> (Press release). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a>. September 8, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+announces+qualified+health+claims+for+omega-3+fatty+acids&rft.atitle=&rft.date=September+8%2C+2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BFood+and+Drug+Administration%7CUnited+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FSiteIndex%2Fucm108351.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Summary Table of Biological Role Claims Table 8-2. <a class="external free" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch8e.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch8e.shtml</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lands1992-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lands1992_8-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E.M._Lands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="William E.M. Lands">Lands, William E.M.</a> (1 May 1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/6/8/2530.full.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Biochemistry and physiology of<i>n</i>–3 fatty acids"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASEB_Journal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="FASEB Journal">FASEB Journal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology">Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</a>) <b>6</b> (8): 2530–2536. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592205" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1592205</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Shearer GC, Harris WS, Pedersen TL, Newman JW. (August 2009) Detection of omega-3 oxylipins in human plasma and response to treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters. <i>J Lipid Res</i>. <a class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/cgi/rapidpdf/M900193-JLR200v1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Full Free text</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Da Young Oh, Saswata Talukdar, Eun Ju Bae, Takeshi Imamura, Hidetaka Morinaga, WuQiang Fan, Pingping Li, Wendell J. Lu, Steven M. Watkins, Jerrold M. Olefsky. (September 2010) GPR120 Is an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Receptor Mediating Potent Anti-inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects. Cell, Volume 142, Issue 5, 687-698, 3 September 2010. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(10)00888-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gerster H (1998). "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?".<i>Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.</i> <b>68</b> (3): 159–173. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637947" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9637947</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+adults+adequately+convert+alpha-linolenic+acid+%2818%3A3n-3%29+to+eicosapentaenoic+acid+%2820%3A5n-3%29+and+docosahexaenoic+acid+%2822%3A6n-3%29%3F&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Vitam.+Nutr.+Res.&rft.aulast=Gerster+H&rft.au=Gerster+H&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159%E2%80%93173&rft_id=info:pmid/9637947&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Burdge GC, Calder PC (September 2005). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults.". <i>Reprod. Nutr. Dev.</i><b>45</b> (5): 581–597. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Frnd%3A2005047" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1051/rnd:2005047</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188209" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16188209</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conversion+of+alpha-linolenic+acid+to+longer-chain+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+human+adults.&rft.jtitle=Reprod.+Nutr.+Dev.&rft.aulast=Burdge+GC%2C+Calder+PC&rft.au=Burdge+GC%2C+Calder+PC&rft.date=September+2005&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=581%E2%80%93597&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2Frnd%3A2005047&rft_id=info:pmid/16188209&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ceol-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ceol_15-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://dhaomega3.org/index.php?category=overview&title=Conversion-of-ALA-to-DHA" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Conversion Efficiency of ALA to DHA in Humans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 October 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Conversion+Efficiency+of+ALA+to+DHA+in+Humans&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhaomega3.org%2Findex.php%3Fcategory%3Doverview%26title%3DConversion-of-ALA-to-DHA&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Siscovick DS, Rimm EB., D; Ascherio, A; Hu, FB; Stampfer, MJ; Willett, WC; Siscovick, DS; Rimm, EB (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/111/2/157" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men."</a>. <i>Circulation</i> <b>111</b> (2): 157–64.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1201401" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1201401</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630029" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15630029</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interplay+between+different+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease+in+men.&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Mozaffarian+D%2C+Ascherio+A%2C+Hu+FB%2C+Stampfer+MJ%2C+Willett+WC%2C+Siscovick+DS%2C+Rimm+EB.&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mozaffarian+D%2C+Ascherio+A%2C+Hu+FB%2C+Stampfer+MJ%2C+Willett+WC%2C+Siscovick+DS%2C+Rimm+EB.%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Ascherio%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BFB&rft.au=Stampfer%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&rft.au=Willett%2C%26%2332%3BWC&rft.au=Siscovick%2C%26%2332%3BDS&rft.au=Rimm%2C%26%2332%3BEB&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157%E2%80%9364&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000152099.87287.83&rft_id=info:pmc/1201401&rft_id=info:pmid/15630029&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F111%2F2%2F157&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Willett WC, WC (2007). "The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.". <i>J Cardiovasc Med</i> <b>8</b>: Suppl 1:S42–5.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2459%2F01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876199" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17876199</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+dietary+n-6+fatty+acids+in+the+prevention+of+cardiovascular+disease.&rft.jtitle=J+Cardiovasc+Med&rft.aulast=Willett+WC&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Willett+WC%2C%26%2332%3BWC&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=Suppl+1%3AS42%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.2459%2F01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13&rft_id=info:pmid/17876199&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tribole, E.F.; Thompson, RL; Harrison, RA; Summerbell, CD; Ness, AR; Moore, HJ; Worthington, HV; Durrington, PN et al. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7544/752#130637" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Excess Omega-6 Fats Thwart Health Benefits from Omega-3 Fats"</a>. <i>BMJ</i> <b>332</b> (7544): 752–760.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1420708" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1420708</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16565093</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Excess+Omega-6+Fats+Thwart+Health+Benefits+from+Omega-3+Fats&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Tribole&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rft.au=Tribole%2C%26%2332%3BE.F.&rft.au=Thompson%2C%26%2332%3BRL&rft.au=Harrison%2C%26%2332%3BRA&rft.au=Summerbell%2C%26%2332%3BCD&rft.au=Ness%2C%26%2332%3BAR&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BHJ&rft.au=Worthington%2C%26%2332%3BHV&rft.au=Durrington%2C%26%2332%3BPN&rft.au=Higgins%2C%26%2332%3BJP&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=7544&rft.pages=752%E2%80%93760&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.38755.366331.2F&rft_id=info:pmc/1420708&rft_id=info:pmid/16565093&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Feletters%2F332%2F7544%2F752%23130637&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Duckett_Animal_Finishing-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Duckett_Animal_Finishing_22-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> S.K. Duckett et al, Journal of Animal Science, (published online) June 2009, “Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin and cholesterol content.”</li>
<li id="cite_note-tribole2007-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-tribole2007_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Tribole, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-lands2005-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-lands2005_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Lands, 2005</li>
<li id="cite_note-simopoulos2003-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-simopoulos2003_25-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Simopoulos, AP (September 2003). "Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects". <i>World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics</i> <b>92</b>: 1–174. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000073788" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1159/000073788</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-7640-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-8055-7640-4">3-8055-7640-4</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14579680" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">14579680</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Importance+of+the+ratio+of+omega-6%2Fomega-3+essential+fatty+acids%3A+evolutionary+aspects&rft.jtitle=World+Review+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.aulast=Simopoulos&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Simopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BAP&rft.date=September+2003&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=1%E2%80%93174&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000073788&rft.isbn=3-8055-7640-4&rft_id=info:pmid/14579680&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-simopoulos2000-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-simopoulos2000_26-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem Jr N (2000). "Workshop Statement on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for <i>n</i>−6 and <i>n</i>−3 fatty acids".<i>Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids</i> <b>63</b> (3): 119–121.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0176" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1054/plef.2000.0176</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991764" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10991764</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Workshop+Statement+on+the+essentiality+of+and+recommended+dietary+intakes+for+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+and+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=Prostaglandins+Leukot+Essent+Fatty+Acids&rft.aulast=Simopoulos+AP%2C+Leaf+A%2C+Salem+Jr+N&rft.au=Simopoulos+AP%2C+Leaf+A%2C+Salem+Jr+N&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119%E2%80%93121&rft_id=info:doi/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0176&rft_id=info:pmid/10991764&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Hibbeln <i>et al.</i>, 2006</li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Erasmus, Udo, Fats and Oils. 1986. Alive books, Vancouver, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0920470165" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-920470-16-5</a> p. 263 (round-number ratio within ranges given.)</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIHefaeducationpage-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-NIHefaeducationpage_29-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://efaeducation.nih.gov/sig/esstable.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Essential Fats in Food Oils, NIH page"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Essential+Fats+in+Food+Oils%2C+NIH+page&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefaeducation.nih.gov%2Fsig%2Fesstable.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-harvard-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-harvard_30-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/questions/omega-3/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Ask the Expert: Omega-3 Fatty Acids"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></i>. 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2011</span>. ""Omega-6 fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and reduce inflammation, and they are protective against heart disease. So both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are healthy. While there is a theory that omega-3 fatty acids are better for our health than omega-6 fatty acids, this is not supported by the latest evidence. Thus, the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio is basically the "good divided by the good," so it is of no value in evaluating diet quality or predicting disease.""</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Expert%3A+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHarvard+University%5D%5D&rft.date=21+April+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnutritionsource%2Fquestions%2Fomega-3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-vonSchacky2003-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-vonSchacky2003_31-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">von Schacky C. (March 2003). "The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease.". <i>Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.</i> <b>5</b> (2): 139–45.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11883-003-0086-y" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s11883-003-0086-y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573200" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12573200</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+omega-3+fatty+acids+in+cardiovascular+disease.&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Atheroscler.+Rep.&rft.aulast=von+Schacky+C.&rft.au=von+Schacky+C.&rft.date=March+2003&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139%E2%80%9345&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11883-003-0086-y&rft_id=info:pmid/12573200&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> name="EPA" <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epa.gov/hg/advisories.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a>,</li>
<li id="cite_note-Morris1993-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Morris1993_33-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Morris, Martha C.; Sacks, Frank; Rosner, Bernard (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/2/523/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a></i> <b>88</b> (2): 523–533. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8339414" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8339414</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+fish+oil+lower+blood+pressure%3F+A+meta-analysis+of+controlled+trials&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCirculation+%28journal%29%7CCirculation%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Morris%2C+Martha+C.&rft.au=Morris%2C+Martha+C.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=523%E2%80%93533&rft_id=info:pmid/8339414&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F88%2F2%2F523%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mori1993-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Mori1993_34-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mori, Trevor A.; Bao, Danny Q.; Burke, Valerie; Puddey, Ian B.; Beilin, Lawrence J. (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/2/253/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans"</a>. <i>Hypertension</i><b>34</b> (2): 253–260. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454450" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10454450</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Docosahexaenoic+acid+but+not+eicosapentaenoic+acid+lowers+ambulatory+blood+pressure+and+heart+rate+in+humans&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.aulast=Mori%2C+Trevor+A.&rft.au=Mori%2C+Trevor+A.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253%E2%80%93260&rft_id=info:pmid/10454450&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyper.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F34%2F2%2F253%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Harris1997-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Harris1997_35-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Harris, William S. (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/65/5/1645S/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"<i>n</i>−3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies"</a>. <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i> <b>65</b> (5 Sup.): 1645S–1654S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129504" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9129504</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids+and+serum+lipoproteins%3A+human+studies&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Harris%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Harris%2C+William+S.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5+Sup.&rft.pages=1645S%E2%80%931654S&rft_id=info:pmid/9129504&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F65%2F5%2F1645S%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sanders1997-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Sanders1997_36-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sanders, T.A.B.; Oakley, F.R.; Miller, G.J.; Mitropoulos, K.A.; Crook, D.; Oliver, M.F. (1997). <a class="external text" href="http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/12/3449" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Influence of <i>n</i>−6 versus <i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors"</a>.<i>Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology</i> <b>17</b> (12): 3449–3460.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437192" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9437192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Influence+of+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%926+versus+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+diets+low+in+saturated+fatty+acids+on+plasma+lipoproteins+and+hemostatic+factors&rft.jtitle=Arteriosclerosis%2C+Thrombosis%2C+and+Vascular+Biology&rft.aulast=Sanders%2C+T.A.B.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+T.A.B.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3449%E2%80%933460&rft_id=info:pmid/9437192&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatvb.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F17%2F12%2F3449&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Roche1996-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Roche1996_37-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Roche, H.M.; Gibney, M.J. (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3232572" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: the effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation"</a>. <i>Eur J Clin Nutr.</i> <b>50</b> (9): 617–624. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880041" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8880041</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Postprandial+triacylglycerolaemia%3A+the+effect+of+low-fat+dietary+treatment+with+and+without+fish+oil+supplementation&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Clin+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Roche%2C+H.M.&rft.au=Roche%2C+H.M.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=617%E2%80%93624&rft_id=info:pmid/8880041&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D3232572&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Davidson2007-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Davidson2007_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, Ballantyne CM, Ginsberg HN (2007). "Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to Simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: An 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". <i>Clin Ther.</i> <b>29</b> (7): 1354–1367. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2007.07.018" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.07.018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825687" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17825687</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+tolerability+of+adding+prescription+omega-3+fatty+acids+4+g%2Fd+to+Simvastatin+40%26nbsp%3Bmg%2Fd+in+hypertriglyceridemic+patients%3A+An+8-week%2C+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+study&rft.jtitle=Clin+Ther.&rft.aulast=Davidson+MH%2C+Stein+EA%2C+Bays+HE%2C+Maki+KC%2C+Doyle+RT%2C+Shalwitz+RA%2C+Ballantyne+CM%2C+Ginsberg+HN&rft.au=Davidson+MH%2C+Stein+EA%2C+Bays+HE%2C+Maki+KC%2C+Doyle+RT%2C+Shalwitz+RA%2C+Ballantyne+CM%2C+Ginsberg+HN&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1354%E2%80%931367&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2007.07.018&rft_id=info:pmid/17825687&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bucher2002-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Bucher2002_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. (2002). "<i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". <i>Am J Med</i> <b>112</b> (4): 298–304. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2801%2901114-7" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01114-7</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11893369" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11893369</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+coronary+heart+disease%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Med&rft.aulast=Bucher+HC%2C+Hengstler+P%2C+Schindler+C%2C+Meier+G.&rft.au=Bucher+HC%2C+Hengstler+P%2C+Schindler+C%2C+Meier+G.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298%E2%80%93304&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2801%2901114-7&rft_id=info:pmid/11893369&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Burr1994-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Burr1994_40-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Burr, Michael L.; Sweetham, P.M.; Fehily, Ann M. (August 1994). <a class="external text" href="http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/8/1152" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Diet and reinfarction"</a>. <i>European Heart Journal</i> <b>15</b> (8): 1152–1153. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988613" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7988613</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diet+and+reinfarction&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal&rft.aulast=Burr%2C+Michael+L.&rft.au=Burr%2C+Michael+L.&rft.date=August+1994&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1152%E2%80%931153&rft_id=info:pmid/7988613&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurheartj.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F15%2F8%2F1152&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Willett1993-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Willett1993_41-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Willett, Walter C.; Stampfer, M.J.; Colditz, G.A.; Speizer, F.E.; Rosner, B.A.; Hennekens, C.H. (1993). "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> <b>341</b> (8845): 581–585. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2990350-P" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0140-6736(93)90350-P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8094827" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8094827</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intake+of+trans+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease+among+women&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Lancet%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Willett%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Willett%2C+Walter+C.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=8845&rft.pages=581%E2%80%93585&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2990350-P&rft_id=info:pmid/8094827&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stone1996-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Stone1996_42-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Stone, Neil J. (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/9/2337" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Fish consumption, fish oil, lipids, and coronary heart disease"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a></i> <b>94</b> (9): 2337–2340. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901708" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8901708</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+consumption%2C+fish+oil%2C+lipids%2C+and+coronary+heart+disease&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCirculation+%28journal%29%7CCirculation%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Neil+J.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2337%E2%80%932340&rft_id=info:pmid/8901708&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F94%2F9%2F2337&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fishflax-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-fishflax_43-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wang, C.; Harris, W. S.; Chung, M.; Lichtenstein, A. H.; Balk, E. M.; Kupelnick, B.; Jordan, H. S.; Lau, J. (2006). "N-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review".<i>The American journal of clinical nutrition</i> <b>84</b> (1): 5–17. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16825676</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N-3+Fatty+acids+from+fish+or+fish-oil+supplements%2C+but+not+alpha-linolenic+acid%2C+benefit+cardiovascular+disease+outcomes+in+primary-+and+secondary-prevention+studies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=The+American+journal+of+clinical+nutrition&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BW.+S.&rft.au=Chung%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Lichtenstein%2C%26%2332%3BA.+H.&rft.au=Balk%2C%26%2332%3BE.+M.&rft.au=Kupelnick%2C%26%2332%3BB.&rft.au=Jordan%2C%26%2332%3BH.+S.&rft.au=Lau%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9317&rft_id=info:pmid/16825676&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span><span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size: smaller;"> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/16825676&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">edit</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fortin1995-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Fortin1995_44-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fortin PR, Lew RA, Liang MH, Wright EA, Beckett LA, Chalmers TC, Sperling RI. (1995). "Validation of a meta-analysis: The effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis". <i>J Clin Epidemiol</i> <b>48</b> (11): 1379–1390. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0895-4356%2895%2900028-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0895-4356(95)00028-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7490601" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7490601</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Validation+of+a+meta-analysis%3A+The+effects+of+fish+oil+in+rheumatoid+arthritis&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Epidemiol&rft.aulast=Fortin+PR%2C+Lew+RA%2C+Liang+MH%2C+Wright+EA%2C+Beckett+LA%2C+Chalmers+TC%2C+Sperling+RI.&rft.au=Fortin+PR%2C+Lew+RA%2C+Liang+MH%2C+Wright+EA%2C+Beckett+LA%2C+Chalmers+TC%2C+Sperling+RI.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1379%E2%80%931390&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0895-4356%2895%2900028-3&rft_id=info:pmid/7490601&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kremer1985-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Kremer1985_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kremer, Joel M.; Bigauoette, J.; Michalek, A.V.; Timchalk, M.A.; Lininger, L.; Rynes, R.I.; Huyck, C.; Zieminski, J.; Bartholomew, L.E. (1985). "Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>) <b>1</b> (8422): 184–187. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2885%2992024-0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92024-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857265" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2857265</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+manipulation+of+dietary+fatty+acids+on+clinical+manifestations+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Lancet%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kremer%2C+Joel+M.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Joel+M.&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8422&rft.pages=184%E2%80%93187&rft.pub=%5B%5BElsevier%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2885%2992024-0&rft_id=info:pmid/2857265&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Christensen1995-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Christensen1995_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Christensen, Jeppe H.; Gustenhoff, Peter; Ejlersen, Ejler; Jessen, Torben; Korup, Eva; Rasmussen, Klaus; Dyerberg, Jørn; Schmidt, Erik B. (January 1995). "<i>n</i>−3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias". <i>Nutrition Research</i> <b>15</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0271-5317%2895%2991647-U" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0271-5317(95)91647-U</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acids+and+ventricular+extrasystoles+in+patients+with+ventricular+tachyarrhythmias&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Research&rft.aulast=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.date=January+1995&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0271-5317%2895%2991647-U&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Christensen1996-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Christensen1996_47-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Christensen, Jeppe H.; Gustenhoff, Peter; Korup, Eva; Aarøe, Jens; Toft, Egon; Møller, Torn; Rasmussen, Klaus; Dyerberg, Jørn; Schmidt, Erik B. (1996-03-16).<a class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7032/677" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial."</a>. <i>BMJ</i> <b>312</b> (7032): 677–678.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2350515" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2350515</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597736" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8597736</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+fish+oil+on+heart+rate+variability+in+survivors+of+myocardial+infarction%3A+a+double+blind+randomised+controlled+trial.&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Jeppe+H.&rft.date=1996-03-16&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=7032&rft.pages=677%E2%80%93678&rft_id=info:pmc/2350515&rft_id=info:pmid/8597736&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F312%2F7032%2F677&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Pignier2007-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Pignier2007_48-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pignier, C.; Revenaz, C.; Rauly-Lestienne, I.; Cussac, D.; Delhon, A.; Gardette, J.; Le Grand, B. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/u454873774830225/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Direct protective effects of poly-unsaturated fatty acids, DHA and EPA, against activation of cardiac late sodium current"</a>. <i>Basic Research in Cardiology</i> (Steinkopff Verlag) <b>102</b> (6): 553–564.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00395-007-0676-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s00395-007-0676-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17891522" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17891522</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Direct+protective+effects+of+poly-unsaturated+fatty+acids%2C+DHA+and+EPA%2C+against+activation+of+cardiac+late+sodium+current&rft.jtitle=Basic+Research+in+Cardiology&rft.aulast=Pignier%2C+C.&rft.au=Pignier%2C+C.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=553%E2%80%93564&rft.pub=Steinkopff+Verlag&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00395-007-0676-x&rft_id=info:pmid/17891522&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu454873774830225%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Su2003-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Su2003_49-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Su2003_49-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Su, Kuan-Pin; Huang, Shih-Yi; Chiub, Chih-Chiang; Shenc, Winston W. (2003). "Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". <i>Eur Neuropsychopharmacol</i> <b>13</b> (4): 267–271.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2803%2900032-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00032-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888186" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12888186</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+fatty+acids+in+major+depressive+disorder%3A+A+preliminary+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.jtitle=Eur+Neuropsychopharmacol&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Kuan-Pin&rft.au=Su%2C%26%2332%3BKuan-Pin&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=267%E2%80%93271&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2803%2900032-4&rft_id=info:pmid/12888186&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Naliwaiko, K.; Araújo, R.L.; da Fonseca, R.V.; Castilho, J.C.; Andreatini, R.; Bellissimo, M.I.; Oliveira, B.H.; Martins, E.F.; Curi, R.; Fernandes, L.C.; Ferraz, A.C. (April 2004). "Effects of fish oil on the central nervous system: a new potential antidepressant?". <i>Nutritional Neuroscience</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maney_Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Maney Publishing">Maney</a>) <b>7</b> (2): 91–99.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10284150410001704525" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/10284150410001704525</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279495" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15279495</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+fish+oil+on+the+central+nervous+system%3A+a+new+potential+antidepressant%3F&rft.jtitle=Nutritional+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Naliwaiko&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Naliwaiko%2C%26%2332%3BK.&rft.date=April+2004&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91%E2%80%9399&rft.pub=%5B%5BManey+Publishing%7CManey%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10284150410001704525&rft_id=info:pmid/15279495&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Nemets, Boris; Stahl, Ziva; Belmaker, R.H. (2002). "Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder". <i>Am J Psychiatry</i> <b>159</b> (3): 477–479. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.3.477" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.477</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11870016" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11870016</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Addition+of+omega-3+fatty+acid+to+maintenance+medication+treatment+for+recurrent+unipolar+depressive+disorder&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Nemets&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Nemets%2C%26%2332%3BBoris&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477%E2%80%93479&rft_id=info:doi/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.3.477&rft_id=info:pmid/11870016&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Green, Pnina; Hermesh, Haggai; Monselisec, Assaf; Maromb, Sofi; Presburgerb, Gadi; Weizman, Abraham (2006). "Red cell membrane omega-3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed patients with social anxiety disorder". <i>Eur Neuropsychopharmacol</i> <b>16</b> (2): 107–113.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2005.07.005" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.07.005</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243493" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16243493</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Red+cell+membrane+omega-3+fatty+acids+are+decreased+in+nondepressed+patients+with+social+anxiety+disorder&rft.jtitle=Eur+Neuropsychopharmacol&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Pnina&rft.au=Green%2C%26%2332%3BPnina&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107%E2%80%93113&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2005.07.005&rft_id=info:pmid/16243493&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D.I. (2005). "Mixture of essential fatty acids lowers test anxiety". <i>Nutritional Neuroscience</i> <b>8</b> (4): 265–267.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10284150500445795" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/10284150500445795</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16491653" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16491653</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mixture+of+essential+fatty+acids+lowers+test+anxiety&rft.jtitle=Nutritional+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Yehuda+S.%2C+Rabinovitz+S.%2C+Mostofsky+D.I.&rft.au=Yehuda+S.%2C+Rabinovitz+S.%2C+Mostofsky+D.I.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=265%E2%80%93267&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10284150500445795&rft_id=info:pmid/16491653&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Caryn Rabin, Roni (October 26, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/health/research/27regimens.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Regimens: Omega-3 Fats Fail to Lift Depression in Heart Patients"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regimens%3A+Omega-3+Fats+Fail+to+Lift+Depression+in+Heart+Patients&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Caryn+Rabin%2C+Roni&rft.au=Caryn+Rabin%2C+Roni&rft.date=October+26%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F27%2Fhealth%2Fresearch%2F27regimens.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Carney, Robert; Freedland, Kenneth; Rubin, Eugene; Rich, Michael; Steinmeyer, Brian; Harris, William (2009). "Omega-3 Augmentation of Sertraline in Treatment of Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease". <i>JAMA</i> <b>302</b> (15): 1651–1657. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1487" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.2009.1487</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19843899" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">19843899</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+Augmentation+of+Sertraline+in+Treatment+of+Depression+in+Patients+with+Coronary+Heart+Disease&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Carney%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1651%E2%80%931657&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1487&rft_id=info:pmid/19843899&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span> <a class="external free" href="http://jama/ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/15/1651" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://jama/ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/15/1651</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-keli1994-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-keli1994_56-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Keli, S.O.; Feskens, E.J.; Kromhout, D. (1994). "Fish consumption and risk of stroke: The Zutphen Study". <i>Stroke</i> <b>25</b> (2): 328–332. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303739" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8303739</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+consumption+and+risk+of+stroke%3A+The+Zutphen+Study&rft.jtitle=Stroke&rft.aulast=Keli&rft.aufirst=S.O.&rft.au=Keli%2C%26%2332%3BS.O.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328%E2%80%93332&rft_id=info:pmid/8303739&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gillum1996-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-gillum1996_57-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gillum, R.F.; Mussolino, M.E.; Madans, J.H. (1996). "The relationship between fish consumption and stroke incidence: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)". <i>Arch Intern Med</i> <b>156</b>(5): 537–542. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.156.5.537" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/archinte.156.5.537</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604960" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">8604960</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+fish+consumption+and+stroke+incidence%3A+The+NHANES+I+Epidemiologic+Follow-up+Study+%28National+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Survey%29&rft.jtitle=Arch+Intern+Med&rft.aulast=Gillum&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft.au=Gillum%2C%26%2332%3BR.F.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=537%E2%80%93542&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Farchinte.156.5.537&rft_id=info:pmid/8604960&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-iso2001-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-iso2001_58-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-iso2001_58-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Iso, H.; Rexrode, K.M.; Stampfer, M.J.; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnn_E._Manson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="JoAnn E. Manson">Manson, J.E.</a>; Colditz, G.A.; Speizer, F.E.; Hennekens, C.H.; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Willett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Willett">Willett, W.C.</a> (2001). "Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women". <i>JAMA</i> <b>285</b> (3): 304–312.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.285.3.304" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/jama.285.3.304</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176840" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11176840</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intake+of+fish+and+omega-3+fatty+acids+and+risk+of+stroke+in+women&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Iso&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Iso%2C%26%2332%3BH.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=304%E2%80%93312&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.285.3.304&rft_id=info:pmid/11176840&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classification - GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)</li>
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<li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ryan AM, Reynolds JV, Healy L, <i>et al.</i> (2009). "Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial". <i>Ann. Surg.</i> <b>249</b> (3): 355–63. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0b013e31819a4789" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819a4789</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247018" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">19247018</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enteral+nutrition+enriched+with+eicosapentaenoic+acid+%28EPA%29+preserves+lean+body+mass+following+esophageal+cancer+surgery%3A+results+of+a+double-blinded+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Surg.&rft.aulast=Ryan+AM%2C+Reynolds+JV%2C+Healy+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Ryan+AM%2C+Reynolds+JV%2C+Healy+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2FSLA.0b013e31819a4789&rft_id=info:pmid/19247018&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Dietary supplementation with <i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial.". <i>Lancet</i> <b>354</b>(9177): 447–455. 1999. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2899%2907072-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07072-5</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465168" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10465168</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dietary+supplementation+with+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+and+vitamin+E+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+results+of+the+GISSI-Prevenzione+trial.&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=9177&rft.pages=447%E2%80%93455&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2899%2907072-5&rft_id=info:pmid/10465168&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Marchioli R.; Barzi, F; Bomba, E; Chieffo, C; Di Gregorio, D; Di Mascio, R; Franzosi, MG; Geraci, E et al. (2002). "Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the GISSI-Prevenzione.". <i>Circulation</i> <b>105</b> (16): 1897–1903.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11997274" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11997274</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+protection+against+sudden+death+by+n-3+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+time-course+analysis+of+the+results+of+the+GISSI-Prevenzione.&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Marchioli+R.&rft.au=Marchioli+R.&rft.au=Barzi%2C%26%2332%3BF&rft.au=Bomba%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Chieffo%2C%26%2332%3BC&rft.au=Di+Gregorio%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Di+Mascio%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Franzosi%2C%26%2332%3BMG&rft.au=Geraci%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Levantesi%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1897%E2%80%931903&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2&rft_id=info:pmid/11997274&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-trivedi2006-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-trivedi2006_73-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Trivedi, Bijal (2006-09-23). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19125701.300-the-good-the-fad-and-the-unhealthy.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"The good, the fad, and the unhealthy"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>: pp. 42–49.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+good%2C+the+fad%2C+and+the+unhealthy&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Bijal&rft.au=Trivedi%2C%26%2332%3BBijal&rft.date=2006-09-23&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B42%E2%80%9349&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fchannel%2Fhealth%2Fmg19125701.300-the-good-the-fad-and-the-unhealthy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wang2006-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-wang2006_74-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wang, C; Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, Jordan HS, Lau J (July 2006). "<i>n</i>−3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review". <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i> <b>84</b> (1): 5–17. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16825676</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+Fatty+acids+from+fish+or+fish-oil+supplements%2C+but+not+alpha-linolenic+acid%2C+benefit+cardiovascular+disease+outcomes+in+primary-+and+secondary-prevention+studies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BC&rft.date=July+2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9317&rft_id=info:pmid/16825676&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-90" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C (2010). "Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids". <i>Nutr Rev</i> <b>68</b> (5): 280–9. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2010.00287.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00287.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20500789" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">20500789</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatty+acids+from+fish%3A+the+anti-inflammatory+potential+of+long-chain+omega-3+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=Nutr+Rev&rft.aulast=Wall+R%2C+Ross+RP%2C+Fitzgerald+GF%2C+Stanton+C&rft.au=Wall+R%2C+Ross+RP%2C+Fitzgerald+GF%2C+Stanton+C&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=280%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2010.00287.x&rft_id=info:pmid/20500789&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ruggiero C, Lattanzio F, Lauretani F, Gasperini B, Andres-Lacueva C, Cherubini A (2009). "Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids". <i>Curr Pharm Des</i> <b>15</b> (36): 4135–48.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041815" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">20041815</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatty+acids+from+fish%3A+the+anti-inflammatory+potential+of+long-chain+omega-3+fatty+acids&rft.jtitle=Curr+Pharm+Des&rft.aulast=Ruggiero+C%2C+Lattanzio+F%2C+Lauretani+F%2C+Gasperini+B%2C+Andres-Lacueva+C%2C+Cherubini+A&rft.au=Ruggiero+C%2C+Lattanzio+F%2C+Lauretani+F%2C+Gasperini+B%2C+Andres-Lacueva+C%2C+Cherubini+A&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=4135%E2%80%9348&rft_id=info:pmid/20041815&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lewis-92" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Lewis_92-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lewis, Christine J.. <a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference-F-FDA-vol205.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Letter Regarding Dietary Supplement Health Claim for Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Letter+Regarding+Dietary+Supplement+Health+Claim+for+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids+and+Coronary+Heart+Disease&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Christine+J.&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BChristine+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fohrms%2Fdockets%2Fdockets%2F95s0316%2F95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference-F-FDA-vol205.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span> and <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061217002249/http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ltr11.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Letter Regarding Dietary Supplement Health Claim for Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease"</a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration via Internet Archive. October 31, 2000. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ltr11.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2006-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-10-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Letter+Regarding+Dietary+Supplement+Health+Claim+for+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids+and+Coronary+Heart+Disease&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+31%2C+2000&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+via+Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061217002249%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fvm.cfsan.fda.gov%2F%7Edms%2Fds-ltr11.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ornish2006-93" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ornish2006_93-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ornish2006_93-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ornish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Dean Ornish">Ornish, Dean</a> (2006-05-02). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080522084931/http://www.newsweek.com/id/137192" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"The Dark Side of Good Fats"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>: p. 2. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/137192" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2008-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Good+Fats&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNewsweek%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Ornish%2C+Dean&rft.au=Ornish%2C+Dean&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080522084931%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F137192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18757090-94" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-pmid18757090_94-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gissi-Hf Investigators; Tavazzi, L; Maggioni, AP; Marchioli, R; Barlera, S; Franzosi, MG; Latini, R; Lucci, D et al. (August 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)61239-8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"</a>. <i>Lancet</i> <b>372</b> (9645): 1223–30. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961239-8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757090" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">18757090</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+n-3+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+patients+with+chronic+heart+failure+%28the+GISSI-HF+trial%29%3A+a+randomised%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.aulast=Gissi-Hf+Investigators&rft.au=Gissi-Hf+Investigators&rft.au=Tavazzi%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=Maggioni%2C%26%2332%3BAP&rft.au=Marchioli%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Barlera%2C%26%2332%3BS&rft.au=Franzosi%2C%26%2332%3BMG&rft.au=Latini%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Lucci%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Nicolosi%2C%26%2332%3BGL&rft.date=August+2008&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=9645&rft.pages=1223%E2%80%9330&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961239-8&rft_id=info:pmid/18757090&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961239-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-levy2005-95" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-levy2005_95-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-levy2005_95-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Levy, Susan E.; Hyman, Susan L. (2005). "Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders". <i>Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev</i> <b>11</b> (2): 131–142.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrdd.20062" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1002/mrdd.20062</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15977319" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15977319</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Novel+treatments+for+autistic+spectrum+disorders&rft.jtitle=Ment+Retard+Dev+Disabil+Res+Rev&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.au=Levy%2C%26%2332%3BSusan+E.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131%E2%80%93142&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fmrdd.20062&rft_id=info:pmid/15977319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-richardson2006-96" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-richardson2006_96-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-richardson2006_96-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-richardson2006_96-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Richardson, Alexandra J. (2006). "Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders". <i>Int Rev Psychiatry</i> <b>18</b> (2): 155–172.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260600583031" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/09540260600583031</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16777670" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16777670</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+fatty+acids+in+ADHD+and+related+neurodevelopmental+disorders&rft.jtitle=Int+Rev+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+J.&rft.au=Richardson%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandra+J.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155%E2%80%93172&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F09540260600583031&rft_id=info:pmid/16777670&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-green2006-97" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-green2006_97-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Green, VA; Pituch KA, Itchon J, Choi A, O'Reilly M, Sigafoos J (2006). "Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism". <i>Res Dev Disabil</i><b>27</b> (1): 70–84. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ridd.2004.12.002" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.ridd.2004.12.002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919178" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15919178</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+survey+of+treatments+used+by+parents+of+children+with+autism&rft.jtitle=Res+Dev+Disabil&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=VA&rft.au=Green%2C%26%2332%3BVA&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70%E2%80%9384&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ridd.2004.12.002&rft_id=info:pmid/15919178&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sinn2007-98" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-sinn2007_98-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sinn, Natalie; Bryan, Janet (April 2007). "Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD". <i>J Dev Behav Pediatrics</i> <b>28</b> (2): 82–91.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.DBP.0000267558.88457.a5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1097/01.DBP.0000267558.88457.a5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435458" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17435458</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+supplementation+with+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+and+micronutrients+on+learning+and+behavior+problems+associated+with+child+ADHD&rft.jtitle=J+Dev+Behav+Pediatrics&rft.aulast=Sinn&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Sinn%2C%26%2332%3BNatalie&rft.date=April+2007&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F01.DBP.0000267558.88457.a5&rft_id=info:pmid/17435458&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Johnson08-100" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Johnson08_100-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Johnson M, Ostlund S, Fransson G, Kadesjö B, Gillberg C. (30 April 2008). "Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents.". <i>J Atten Disord</i> <b>12</b> (5): 394–401. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1087054708316261" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1177/1087054708316261</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448859" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">18448859</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3%2FOmega-6+Fatty+Acids+for+Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder%3A+A+Randomized+Placebo-Controlled+Trial+in+Children+and+Adolescents.&rft.jtitle=J+Atten+Disord&rft.aulast=Johnson+M%2C+Ostlund+S%2C+Fransson+G%2C+Kadesj%C3%B6+B%2C+Gillberg+C.&rft.au=Johnson+M%2C+Ostlund+S%2C+Fransson+G%2C+Kadesj%C3%B6+B%2C+Gillberg+C.&rft.date=30+April+2008&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=394%E2%80%93401&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F1087054708316261&rft_id=info:pmid/18448859&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bent2009-101" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Bent2009_101-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bent, Stephen; Bertoglio, Kiah; Hendren, Robert L. (March 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2710498" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review"</a>. <i>J Autism Dev Disord</i> <b>39</b> (8): 1145–54. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-009-0724-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s10803-009-0724-5</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2710498" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2710498</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333748" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">19333748</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+fatty+acids+for+autistic+spectrum+disorder%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=J+Autism+Dev+Disord&rft.aulast=Bent%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Bent%2C+Stephen&rft.date=March+2009&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1145%E2%80%9354&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10803-009-0724-5&rft_id=info:pmc/2710498&rft_id=info:pmid/19333748&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2710498&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-amminger2007-102" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-amminger2007_102-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Amminger, G. Paul; <i>et al.</i> (2007). "Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study".<i>Biol Psychiatry</i> <b>61</b> (4): 551–553. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2006.05.007" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.007</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16920077" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16920077</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+fatty+acids+supplementation+in+children+with+autism%3A+a+double-blind+randomized%2C+placebo-controlled+pilot+study&rft.jtitle=Biol+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Amminger&rft.aufirst=G.+Paul&rft.au=Amminger%2C%26%2332%3BG.+Paul&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551%E2%80%93553&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2006.05.007&rft_id=info:pmid/16920077&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gilbert2008-103" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-Gilbert2008_103-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gilbert, Donald L. (2008). "Regarding 'omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study'".<i>Biol Psychiatry</i> <b>63</b> (2): e13. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2007.03.028" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.028</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555722" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17555722</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regarding+%27omega-3+fatty+acids+supplementation+in+children+with+autism%3A+a+double-blind+randomized%2C+placebo-controlled+pilot+study%27&rft.jtitle=Biol+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C%26%2332%3BDonald+L.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e13&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2007.03.028&rft_id=info:pmid/17555722&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span> Author reply: <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Amminger, G. Paul; Harrigan, Susan M. (February 2008). "Reply". <i>Biol Psychiatry</i> <b>63</b> (2): e15.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2007.04.002" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.002</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reply&rft.jtitle=Biol+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Amminger&rft.aufirst=G.+Paul&rft.au=Amminger%2C%26%2332%3BG.+Paul&rft.date=February+2008&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e15&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2007.04.002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-olsen2002-104" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-olsen2002_104-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Olsen, Sjúrður Fróði; Secher, Niels Jørgen (2002-02-23). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65663" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study"</a>. <i>BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)</i> <b>324</b> (7335): 447.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7335.447" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1136/bmj.324.7335.447</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65663" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">65663</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859044" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">11859044</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Low+consumption+of+seafood+in+early+pregnancy+as+a+risk+factor+for+preterm+delivery%3A+prospective+cohort+study&rft.jtitle=BMJ+%28Clinical+Research+Ed.%29&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Sj%C3%BAr%C3%B0ur+Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i&rft.au=Olsen%2C%26%2332%3BSj%C3%BAr%C3%B0ur+Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i&rft.date=2002-02-23&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=7335&rft.pages=447&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7335.447&rft_id=info:pmc/65663&rft_id=info:pmid/11859044&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D65663&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-jensen1-105" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-jensen1_105-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jensen, Craig L (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/83/6/S1452.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Effects of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation"</a>. <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i> <b>83</b> (6): 1452–1457. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">0002-9165</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+n-3+fatty+acids+during+pregnancy+and+lactation&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Craig+L&rft.au=Jensen%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+L&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1452%E2%80%931457&rft.issn=0002-9165&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F83%2F6%2FS1452.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-odent2002-106" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-odent2002_106-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Odent, Michel; Colson, Suzanne; De Reu, Paul (2002-05-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1123229" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Consumption of seafood and preterm delivery. Encouraging pregnant women to eat fish did not show effect"</a>. <i>BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)</i> <b>324</b> (7348): 1279.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1123229" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1123229</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12028992" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12028992</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Consumption+of+seafood+and+preterm+delivery.+Encouraging+pregnant+women+to+eat+fish+did+not+show+effect&rft.jtitle=BMJ+%28Clinical+Research+Ed.%29&rft.aulast=Odent&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Odent%2C%26%2332%3BMichel&rft.date=2002-05-25&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=7348&rft.pages=1279&rft_id=info:pmc/1123229&rft_id=info:pmid/12028992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1123229&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-puri2006-107" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-puri2006_107-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Puri, Basant K. (2006). "High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging sinc-interpolation-based subvoxel registration and semi-automated quantitative lateral ventricular morphology employing threshold computation and binary image creation in the study of fatty acid interventions in schizophrenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and Huntington's disease". <i>Int Rev Psychiatry</i> <b>18</b> (2): 149–154. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260600583015" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/09540260600583015</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16777669" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16777669</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-resolution+magnetic+resonance+imaging+sinc-interpolation-based+subvoxel+registration+and+semi-automated+quantitative+lateral+ventricular+morphology+employing+threshold+computation+and+binary+image+creation+in+the+study+of+fatty+acid+interventions+in+schizophrenia%2C+depression%2C+chronic+fatigue+syndrome%2C+and+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.jtitle=Int+Rev+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Basant+K.&rft.au=Puri%2C%26%2332%3BBasant+K.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149%E2%80%93154&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F09540260600583015&rft_id=info:pmid/16777669&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-calabrese1999-109" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-calabrese1999_109-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Calabrese, J.R.; Rapport, D.J.; Shelton, M.D. (1999). "Fish oils and bipolar disorder: A promising but untested treatment". <i>Arch Gen Psychiatry</i> <b>56</b> (5): 413–414; discussion 415–416. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.56.5.413" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.413</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232295" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10232295</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+oils+and+bipolar+disorder%3A+A+promising+but+untested+treatment&rft.jtitle=Arch+Gen+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Calabrese&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Calabrese%2C%26%2332%3BJ.R.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=413%E2%80%93414%3B+discussion+415%E2%80%93416&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.56.5.413&rft_id=info:pmid/10232295&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-nemets2006-111" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-nemets2006_111-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Nemets, H.; Nemets, B.; Apter, A.; Bracha, Z.; Belmaker, R.H. (2006). "Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: A controlled, double-blind pilot study". <i>Am J Psychiatry</i> <b>163</b> (6): 1098–1100. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.163.6.1098" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.1098</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741212" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16741212</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omega-3+treatment+of+childhood+depression%3A+A+controlled%2C+double-blind+pilot+study&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Nemets&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Nemets%2C%26%2332%3BH.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1098%E2%80%931100&rft_id=info:doi/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.163.6.1098&rft_id=info:pmid/16741212&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-huan2004-112" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-huan2004_112-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Huan, M.; <i>et al.</i> (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/bps/article/PIIS0006322304007061/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Suicide attempt and <i>n</i>−3 fatty acid levels in red blood cells: a case control study in China"</a>. <i>Biol Psychiatry</i> <b>56</b> (7): 490–496.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2004.06.028" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.028</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15450784" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15450784</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suicide+attempt+and+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+fatty+acid+levels+in+red+blood+cells%3A+a+case+control+study+in+China&rft.jtitle=Biol+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Huan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Huan%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=490%E2%80%93496&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2004.06.028&rft_id=info:pmid/15450784&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.elsevierhealth.com%2Fperiodicals%2Fbps%2Farticle%2FPIIS0006322304007061%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10007556&RSID=69755683854317" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-114" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, et al. (2006) Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. <i>J Clin Psychiatry</i>. 2006;67(12):1954-67. <a class="external text" href="http://www.biovita.fi/suomi/pdf/APA_2006.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Free Full Text</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-lin2007-115" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-lin2007_115-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lin, Pao-Yen; Kuan-Pin Su (July 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatrist.com/privatepdf/2007/v68n07/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"A Meta-Analytic Review of Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Antidepressant Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids"</a>. <i>J Clin Psychiatry</i> <b>68</b> (7): 1056–1061. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.v68n0712" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.4088/JCP.v68n0712</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685742" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17685742</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Meta-Analytic+Review+of+Double-Blind%2C+Placebo-Controlled+Trials+of+Antidepressant+Efficacy+of+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Pao-Yen&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BPao-Yen&rft.date=July+2007&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1056%E2%80%931061&rft_id=info:doi/10.4088%2FJCP.v68n0712&rft_id=info:pmid/17685742&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrist.com%2Fprivatepdf%2F2007%2Fv68n07%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI, Dording CM, et al. "A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate for major depressive disorder." <i>J Clin Psychiatry</i>. 25 August 2009. <a class="external text" href="http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10006170&RSID=53191932841500" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Abstract</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-117" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <i>Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of clinical depression in women: a 10-y prospective follow-up study.</i> Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun;93(6):1337-43.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FNBp423-118" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-FNBp423_118-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-FNBp423_118-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005), pp.423</li>
<li id="cite_note-FNBp770-119" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-FNBp770_119-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-FNBp770_119-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005), pp.770</li>
<li id="cite_note-CL2005-120" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-CL2005_120-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.consumerlab.com/results/omega3.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Product Review: Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA) from Fish/Marine Oils"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConsumerLab.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="ConsumerLab.com">ConsumerLab.com</a>. 2005-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Product+Review%3A+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids+%28EPA+and+DHA%29+from+Fish%2FMarine+Oils&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.pub=%5B%5BConsumerLab.com%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerlab.com%2Fresults%2Fomega3.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-121" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kris-Etherton, PM, Harris, WS, Appel LJ (2002). "Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 acids and cardiovascular disease". <i>Circulation</i> <b>106</b> (21): 2747–2757.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438303" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12438303</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+consumption%2C+fish+oil%2C+omega-3+acids+and+cardiovascular+disease&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Kris-Etherton%2C+PM%2C+Harris%2C+WS%2C+Appel+LJ&rft.au=Kris-Etherton%2C+PM%2C+Harris%2C+WS%2C+Appel+LJ&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2747%E2%80%932757&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94&rft_id=info:pmid/12438303&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-122" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Falk-Petersen, S., S.; <i>et al.</i> (1998). <a class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2356641" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea"</a>. <i>Polar Biology</i><b>20</b> (1): 41–47. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003000050274" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s003000050274</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0722-4060" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">0722-4060</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lipids+and+fatty+acids+in+ice+algae+and+phytoplankton+from+the+Marginal+Ice+Zone+in+the+Barents+Sea&rft.jtitle=Polar+Biology&rft.aulast=Falk-Petersen%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Falk-Petersen%2C+S.%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41%E2%80%9347&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs003000050274&rft.issn=0722-4060&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D2356641&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ahao3-123" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ahao3_123-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3013797" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Fish, Levels of Mercury and Omega-3 Fatty Acids"</a>. American Heart Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 6, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fish%2C+Levels+of+Mercury+and+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Heart+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheart.org%2Fpresenter.jhtml%3Fidentifier%3D3013797&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-KrisEtherton2002-124" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-KrisEtherton2002_124-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; William S. Harris, Lawrence J. Appel (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/106/21/2747" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease"</a>.<i>Circulation</i> <b>106</b> (21): 2747–2757. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438303" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">12438303</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fish+Consumption%2C+Fish+Oil%2C+Omega-3+Fatty+Acids%2C+and+Cardiovascular+Disease&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.aulast=Kris-Etherton&rft.aufirst=Penny+M.&rft.au=Kris-Etherton%2C%26%2332%3BPenny+M.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2747%E2%80%932757&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94&rft_id=info:pmid/12438303&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F106%2F21%2F2747&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-o3c-125" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-o3c_125-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080718174524/http://www.omega-3centre.com/sources_long_chain.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Omega-3 Centre"</a>. <i>Omega-3 sources</i>. Omega-3 Centre. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.omega-3centre.com/sources_long_chain.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2008-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-07-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Omega-3+Centre&rft.atitle=Omega-3+sources&rft.pub=Omega-3+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080718174524%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.omega-3centre.com%2Fsources_long_chain.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-126" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1911312.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Pollutants found in fish oil capsules"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2002-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-01-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pollutants+found+in+fish+oil+capsules&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=2002-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F1911312.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lawson1988-127" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-lawson1988_127-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lawson, L.D.; Hughes, B.G. (1988). "Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal". <i>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</i> <b>156</b> (2): 960–963. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2888%2980937-9" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80937-9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2847723" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2847723</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Absorption+of+eicosapentaenoic+acid+and+docosahexaenoic+acid+from+fish+oil+triacylglycerols+or+fish+oil+ethyl+esters+co-ingested+with+a+high-fat+meal&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Biophys+Res+Commun&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=L.D.&rft.au=Lawson%2C%26%2332%3BL.D.&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=960%E2%80%93963&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2888%2980937-9&rft_id=info:pmid/2847723&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-beckermann1990-128" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-beckermann1990_128-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Beckermann, B.; Beneke, M.; Seitz, I. (1990). "Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docasahexaenoic acid from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers" (in German). <i>Arzneimittel-Forschung</i> <b>40</b>(6): 700–704. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144420" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">2144420</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparative+bioavailability+of+eicosapentaenoic+acid+and+docasahexaenoic+acid+from+triglycerides%2C+free+fatty+acids+and+ethyl+esters+in+volunteers&rft.jtitle=Arzneimittel-Forschung&rft.aulast=Beckermann&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Beckermann%2C%26%2332%3BB.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=700%E2%80%93704&rft_id=info:pmid/2144420&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-129" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ulven SM; Kirkhus, B; Lamglait, A; Basu, S; Elind, E; Haider, T; Berge, K; Vik, H et al. (January 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3024511" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers."</a>. <i>Lipids</i><b>46</b> (1): 37–46. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11745-010-3490-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s11745-010-3490-4</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3024511" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">3024511</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21042875" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">21042875</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Metabolic+effects+of+krill+oil+are+essentially+similar+to+those+of+fish+oil+but+at+lower+dose+of+EPA+and+DHA%2C+in+healthy+volunteers.&rft.jtitle=Lipids&rft.aulast=Ulven+SM&rft.au=Ulven+SM&rft.au=Kirkhus%2C%26%2332%3BB&rft.au=Lamglait%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Basu%2C%26%2332%3BS&rft.au=Elind%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Haider%2C%26%2332%3BT&rft.au=Berge%2C%26%2332%3BK&rft.au=Vik%2C%26%2332%3BH&rft.au=Pedersen%2C%26%2332%3BJI&rft.date=January+2011&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9346&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11745-010-3490-4&rft_id=info:pmc/3024511&rft_id=info:pmid/21042875&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D3024511&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Halpern, G.M., The Inflammation Revolution. Square City Publishers, New York 2005. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0757002838" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-7570-0283-8</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-131" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-131" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lyprinol ® - Arthritis, Knee Pain, Anti-Inflammatory, Aching Joint Relief, Cardiovascular Health, Joint Health, Respiratory Health, Stiffness. <a class="external text" href="http://www.lyprinol.com/about1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Lyprinol in Brief"</a>. Lyprinol.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lyprinol+in+Brief&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lyprinol+%26reg%3B+-+Arthritis%2C+Knee+Pain%2C+Anti-Inflammatory%2C+Aching+Joint+Relief%2C+Cardiovascular+Health%2C+Joint+Health%2C+Respiratory+Health%2C+Stiffness&rft.au=Lyprinol+%26reg%3B+-+Arthritis%2C+Knee+Pain%2C+Anti-Inflammatory%2C+Aching+Joint+Relief%2C+Cardiovascular+Health%2C+Joint+Health%2C+Respiratory+Health%2C+Stiffness&rft.pub=Lyprinol.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyprinol.com%2Fabout1.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sofadb-132" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-sofadb_132-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://sofa.bfel.de/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Seed Oil Fatty Acids - SOFA Database Retrieval"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Seed+Oil+Fatty+Acids+-+SOFA+Database+Retrieval&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofa.bfel.de&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-uos-133" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-uos_133-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">DeFilippis, Andrew P.; Laurence S. Sperling. <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071022174611/http://www.biovita.fi/suomi/pdf/understanding_omega3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Understanding omega-3's"</a>(PDF). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.biovita.fi/suomi/pdf/understanding_omega3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 22 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 October 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Understanding+omega-3%27s&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=DeFilippis&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft.au=DeFilippis%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071022174611%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biovita.fi%2Fsuomi%2Fpdf%2Funderstanding_omega3.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ngg-134" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-ngg_134-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wilkinson, Jennifer. <a class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/Nut%20Growers%20GuideSample.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Nut Grower's Guide: The Complete Handbook for Producers and Hobbyists"</a> (PDF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 October 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nut+Grower%27s+Guide%3A+The+Complete+Handbook+for+Producers+and+Hobbyists&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fsamples%2FNut%2520Growers%2520GuideSample.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-flaxcod-135" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-flaxcod_135-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Bartram (1998), pp.271</li>
<li id="cite_note-cspinet.org-136" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-cspinet.org_136-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cspinet.org/new/200706211.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Egg Producers Deceive Consumers, Violate Law with Bogus Omega-3 Claims ~ Newsroom ~ News from CSPI ~ Center for Science in the Public Interest"</a>. Cspinet.org. 2007-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Egg+Producers+Deceive+Consumers%2C+Violate+Law+with+Bogus+Omega-3+Claims+%7E+Newsroom+%7E+News+from+CSPI+%7E+Center+for+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.pub=Cspinet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cspinet.org%2Fnew%2F200706211.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#cite_ref-137" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">David Beaulieu. <a class="external text" href="http://landscaping.about.com/cs/weedsdiseases/a/purslane.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Edible Landscaping With Purslane"</a>. About.com.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Edible+Landscaping+With+Purslane&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=David+Beaulieu&rft.au=David+Beaulieu&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flandscaping.about.com%2Fcs%2Fweedsdiseases%2Fa%2Fpurslane.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega-3_fatty_acid&action=edit&section=35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Additional sources">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bartram, Thomas, 1998, Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, p. 271.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles">Full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bell, J.G.; MacKinlay, EE; Dick, JR; MacDonald, DJ; Boyle, RM; Glen, AC (2004). "Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders". <i>Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids</i> <b>71</b>(4): 201–204. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plefa.2004.03.008" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.008</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301788" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15301788</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Essential+fatty+acids+and+phospholipase+A2+in+autistic+spectrum+disorders&rft.jtitle=Prostaglandins+Leukot.Essent.Fatty+Acids&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Bell%2C%26%2332%3BJ.G.&rft.au=MacKinlay%2C%26%2332%3BEE&rft.au=Dick%2C%26%2332%3BJR&rft.au=MacDonald%2C%26%2332%3BDJ&rft.au=Boyle%2C%26%2332%3BRM&rft.au=Glen%2C%26%2332%3BAC&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=201%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.plefa.2004.03.008&rft_id=info:pmid/15301788&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cunnane SC (2006). "Survival of the fattest: the key to human brain evolution.". <i>Medécine/Sciences : M/S</i> <b>22</b> (6-7): 659–63.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Fmedsci%2F20062267659" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1051/medsci/20062267659</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16828044" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">16828044</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+fattest%3A+the+key+to+human+brain+evolution.&rft.jtitle=Med%C3%A9cine%2FSciences+%3A+M%2FS&rft.aulast=Cunnane&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Cunnane%26%2332%3BSC&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6-7&rft.pages=659%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2Fmedsci%2F20062267659&rft_id=info:pmid/16828044&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005). <i>Dietary Reference Intakes For Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids</i>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0309085373" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-309-08537-3</a>.<a class="external free" href="http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/770.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/770.html</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Blasbalg TL, Riggs JA, Lands WE.(2006). "Healthy intakes of <i>n</i>−3 and <i>n</i>−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity". <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i>. <b>83</b>(6 Suppl):1483S–1493S.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lands, William E.M. "Fish, Omega-3 and Human Health" Champaign. AOCS Press. 2005 <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1893997812" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-893997-81-2</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ohara, K. (2007). "The <i>n</i>−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid/dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia". <i>Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry</i> <b>31</b> (2): 469–474. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2006.11.013" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.11.013</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17184889" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">17184889</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%27%27n%27%27%E2%88%923+polyunsaturated+fatty+acid%2Fdopamine+hypothesis+of+schizophrenia&rft.jtitle=Prog+Neuropsychopharmacol+Biol+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Ohara&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Ohara%2C%26%2332%3BK.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=469%E2%80%93474&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2006.11.013&rft_id=info:pmid/17184889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Richardson, A.J.; Ross, M.A. (2000). "Fatty acid metabolism in neurodevelopmental disorder: a new perspective on associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, dyspraxia and the autistic spectrum". <i>Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids</i> <b>63</b> (1–2): 1–9.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0184" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1054/plef.2000.0184</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10970706" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10970706</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatty+acid+metabolism+in+neurodevelopmental+disorder%3A+a+new+perspective+on+associations+between+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder%2C+dyslexia%2C+dyspraxia+and+the+autistic+spectrum&rft.jtitle=Prostaglandins+Leukot.Essent.Fatty+Acids&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.au=Richardson%2C%26%2332%3BA.J.&rft.au=Ross%2C%26%2332%3BM.A.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1054%2Fplef.2000.0184&rft_id=info:pmid/10970706&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Robson, A. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/4441002d" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Shellfish view of omega-3 and sustainable fisheries"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>444</b> (7122): 1002. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F4441002d" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1038/4441002d</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shellfish+view+of+omega-3+and+sustainable+fisheries&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Robson%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7122&rft.pages=1002&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F4441002d&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fdoifinder%2F10.1038%2F4441002d&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Robson, A. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cefas.co.uk/publications/shellfishnews/sfn23.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"Preventing the diseases of civilisation: shellfish, the omega-3:6 balance and human health"</a>. <i>Shellfish News</i> <b>23</b>: 25–27.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preventing+the+diseases+of+civilisation%3A+shellfish%2C+the+omega-3%3A6+balance+and+human+health&rft.jtitle=Shellfish+News&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Robson%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9327&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefas.co.uk%2Fpublications%2Fshellfishnews%2Fsfn23.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Scher, J.; Pillinger, M. (2005). "15d-PGJ2: The anti-inflammatory prostaglandin?". <i>Clinical Immunology</i> <b>114</b> (2): 100–109.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2004.09.008" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/j.clim.2004.09.008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639643" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15639643</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=15d-PGJ2%3A+The+anti-inflammatory+prostaglandin%3F&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Immunology&rft.aulast=Scher&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Scher%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Pillinger%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100%E2%80%93109&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2004.09.008&rft_id=info:pmid/15639643&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Omega-3_fatty_acid"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tribole, Evelyn. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/77520775&referer=brief_results" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">"The Ultimate Omega-3 Diet</a>" New York. McGraw-Hill. 2007 ISBN 13:978-0-07-146986-9</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Young, G.; Conquer, J (2005). "Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders". <i>Reprod.Nutr.Dev</i> <b>45</b> (1): 1–28.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Frnd%3A2005001" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">10.1051/rnd:2005001</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15865053" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">15865053</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Allport, Susan. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/search?q=The+Queen+of+Fats%3A+Why+Omega-3s+Were+Removed+from+the+Western+Diet+and+What+We+Can+Do+to+Replace+Them&qt=mozilla-search" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them</i></a>. University of California Press, September 2006. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520242821" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-0-520-24282-1</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Boyd, Hillary & Basant, Puri K. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/59305855" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Natural Way to Beat Depression: the groundbreaking discovery of EPA to change your life.</i></a> London. Hodder and Stoughton. 2004. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340824972" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-340-82497-2</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chow, Ching Kuang. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/25508943&referer=brief_results" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications</i></a>. Routledge Publishing. New York, New York. 2001.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clover, Charles. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/67383509&referer=brief_results" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat</i></a>. Ebury Press, London 2004. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091897807" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-09-189780-7</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Erasmus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Udo Erasmus (page does not exist)">Erasmus, Udo</a>. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/search?q=Fats+That+Heal%2C+Fats+That+Kill&qt=mozilla-search" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill</i></a>. 3rd ed. Burnaby (BC): Alive Books; 1993.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Smithers, Lois. <i>The Food Industry's Greed</i>. How Misleading Labeling of Omega-3 Foods Undermines American Health.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stoll, Andrew L. <a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/search?q=The+Omega-3+Connection&fq=ap%3AAndrew+L+Stoll&qt=facet_ap%3A" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Omega-3 Connection</i></a>. Simon & Schuster 2001. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684871386" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-684-87138-6</a>.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://dhaomega3.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">DHA/EPA Omega-3 Institute</a> Organization founded to educate health professionals and the public about omega-3</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">American Heart Assoc "Fish & Omega-3 Fatty Acids"</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">BBC News report: <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4325679.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Oily fish helps cut inflammation</a>, March 12, 2005.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">University of Maryland Medical Center, <a class="external text" href="http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsSupplements/Omega3FattyAcidscs.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">omega-3 Fatty Acids</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.durhamtrial.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Durham Research: Using Fatty Acids for Enhancing Classroom Achievement</a> Website for the Durham Schools Trial, trial on the effects of fatty acids with children who were under performing in class. Funded by the Durham City Council and Oxford University. Their <a class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/115/5/1360" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">initial results</a> (also available on <a class="external text" href="http://durham.cergis.com/default.aspx?pid=228" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">durhamtrial.org</a>) were published in May 2005.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Essential (Omega-3 and Omega-6) Fatty Acids: <a class="external text" href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/othernuts/omega3fa/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">The Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Simopoulos, AP <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12442909&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements: <a class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-fishoil.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=NOC54WM2O44VLQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/11/12/ncurves112.xml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Another reason why men like curves</a> <i>(Daily Telegraph)</i> Omega-3 credited with shaping a woman's figure to be more attractive to men.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Brain Evolution. Crawford M.A. In: Environmental Influences on Human Brain Evolution. Cunnane, S. / Stewart, K. (eds.)</li>
</ul>
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background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Mood disorders"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mood_disorders" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #002bb8; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Mood disorders"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mood_disorders&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/monobook/external.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_V:_Mental_and_behavioural_disorders#.28F30.E2.80.93F39.29_Mood_.28affective.29_disorders" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders">F30–F39</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes_290%E2%80%93319:_mental_disorders#Other_psychoses_.28295.E2.80.93299.29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders">296</a>)</span></th></tr>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-88425820731948470802011-08-25T00:08:00.000-04:002011-08-25T00:08:22.109-04:00V for Veg: Water ice is great, but ...<br />
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padding-right: 5px; text-align: right;">Vance Lehmkuhl / Staff Photographer</div><div id="photoCaption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">A one-scoop chocolate vegan ice cream cone from Franklin Fountain is seen outside the nostalgic Old City parlor.</div><div id="photoNav" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; height: 17px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;"><div id="enlargeImage" style="cursor: pointer; float: left;"><a href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/health/vforveg/20110825_V_For_Veg_.html" style="color: #347485; font: normal normal normal 10pt/normal verdana, sans-serif; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"><img src="http://media.philly.com/designimages/viewer_enlarge_sm.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" /></a></div><div id="baseNumberDisplay" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px; left: 88px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; top: 8px; width: 100px;">1 of 3</div><div id="nextLink" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/health/vforveg/20110825_V_For_Veg_.html" style="color: #347485; font: normal normal normal 10pt/normal verdana, sans-serif; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">View images</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="body-content" id="body-content">WATER ICE IS A cherished summer institution in Philly, and those of us who skip dairy, whether for ethical, health or other concerns, can appreciate this cool vegan treat. Sorbet, Popsicles, frozen fruit bars and the like are also delish.<br />
But let's face it: "You can always have water ice [or sorbet]" is the cool-treat equivalent of "you can always have a salad." Nothing against salad or water ice, but we sometimes want that singular richness and flavor associated with ice cream. And finally, we're getting it.<br />
Soy-based Tofutti premium was first on the scene in your grocer's freezer (if your grocer is Whole Foods or Shop Rite, an early mainstream adopter) soon joined by the likes of Soy Dream and Soy Delicious. The latter quietly dropped the "Y" from its name, and "So Delicious" has led the new breed of coconut-based ice creams.<br />
Nowadays, coconut is more popular than soy, along with entries from almond, rice and hemp milk. A local company makes a kosher, organic, vegan product called "KOV" after just those attributes; it's also soy-free.<br />
So dairy- and cholesterol-free desserts abound at the store. But what about the iconic ice cream cone - the one you purchase on a summer night and eat right there as it drips on the sidewalk?<br />
Pickings here in Philly used to be pretty slim. But Govinda's Gourmet to Go (Broad and South) and the Franklin Fountain (Old City) stepped in to fill the gap a few years ago, stocking Klein's, a vegan ice cream out of NYC.<br />
In homegrown terms, it's Little Baby's Ice Cream, with several vegan flavors, that's set to put Philly on the map. Launching this spring from an eco-friendly tricycle, Little Baby's has already acquired a solid following despite its tricky accessibility: It's sold at Green Aisle Grocery on Passyunk Avenue, but for a hand-scooped cone, you gotta catch the tricycle.<br />
Company founder Pete Angevine explained: "None of us are vegan, but we have many friends that are, and it's important to us to provide options for them." And provide they do: Coconut Tea, Mint Oreo, Chai, Banana Chip and Panko Fried Plantain are available so far, with more on the way. All use a coconut-milk base.<br />
Angevine plans to expand the vegan line, adding, "We always knew that there would be an interest in that kind of alternative, and now, after seeing how well they've been received, we'd like to have as many flavors as possible."<br />
It's a cool trend: Even vegan soft-serve (vanilla only, but you can get sprinkles!) is now available, down at B2 (Passyunk and Dickinson). So whether you're lactose intolerant, you're allergic to dairy, or you're of the "I scream, you scream, the cows scream when their calves are taken away" set, you needn't be left out in the cold.<br />
As Angevine puts it, "Ice cream is an emotional experience that is so universal it shouldn't be limited to folks that eat cream!"<br />
<strong>V-NEWS TO USE:</strong> You can get a cone from the Little Baby's tricycle at Saturday's Roller Derby with the Philly Roller Girls, 6 p.m., Class of 1923 Arena, 3130 Walnut St., 215-898-1923.<br />
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<hr /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Vance Lehmkuhl is a cartoonist, writer, musician and 10-year vegan. "V for Veg" chronicles the growing trend of plant-based eating in and around Philadelphia. Send your veg tips to <a href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?view=cm&fs=1&tf=1&to=VforVeg@phillynews.com" style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">VforVeg@phillynews.com</a> and follow @V4Veg on Twitter.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><div id="fb-root"></div><fb:like action="recommend" class=" fb_edge_widget_with_comment fb_iframe_widget" colorscheme="light" font="arial" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/health/vforveg/20110825_V_For_Veg_.html?ref=facebook.com" layout="standard" show_faces="false" style="display: inline-block; position: relative;" width="450"><span style="position: relative;"><iframe class="fb_ltr" id="f309055af8" name="f25cc4ed6c" scrolling="no" src="http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?action=recommend&api_key=118770388153276&channel_url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ak.fbcdn.net%2Fconnect%2Fxd_proxy.php%3Fversion%3D3%23cb%3Df3d42434ac%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.philly.com%252Ff3d3d4963%26relation%3Dparent.parent%26transport%3Dpostmessage&colorscheme=light&font=arial&href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Ffood%2Fhealth%2Fvforveg%2F20110825_V_For_Veg_.html%3Fref%3Dfacebook.com&layout=standard&locale=en_US&node_type=link&sdk=joey&show_faces=false&width=450" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; height: 24px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: relative; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 450px;" title="Like this content on Facebook."></iframe></span></fb:like></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-1250434163636772282011-05-03T16:58:00.000-04:002011-05-03T16:58:17.019-04:00Happy Cinco de Mayo!<div id="wrap" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: -1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 900px;"><div id="articles" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><article class="post clearfix" id="post_51718701" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: block; margin-bottom: 35px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 655px;"><footer style="display: block; 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padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="samedir" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="single-source cards" style="border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="entry entry-0 read" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="card card-common" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="card-content" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 9px;"><div class="entry-container" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="entry-main" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><h2 class="entry-title" style="font-size: 19px; letter-spacing: -1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="entry-title-link" href="http://vegetarian.about.com/b/2011/05/02/happy-cinco-de-mayo.htm" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Happy Cinco de Mayo!</a></h2><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div class="entry-body" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="item-body" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img align="right" src="http://z.about.com/d/vegetarian/1/0/S/1/-/-/cincodemayo.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Viva el Cinco de Mayo! Happy Cinco de Mayo! This Mexican holiday is a wonderful excuse for a fiesta, no matter where you live! In fact, according to a 2007 UCLA study (cited by Wikipedia, I didn't actually read the study!) Cinco de Mayo is<em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">more</em> celebrated in the United States, California in particular, than in most of Mexico.<div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">When I was growing up in southern California, brightly colored festivals filled the streets the weekend of Cinco de Mayo, thick with the aroma of freshly grilled foods and the accompanying merrymaking and revelry lasted long into the evening.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Celebrate Cinco de Mayo this year by cooking up some flavorful Mexican inspired <a href="http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/1hc&zu=http://vegetarian.about.com/od/specialoccasionrecipe1/tp/cincodemayo.htm" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">vegetarian and vegan Cinco de Mayo party recipes</a>. Whip up a margarita or pop open a <em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">cerveza</em> and enjoy! Viva la!</div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Link: <a href="http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/1hc&zu=http://vegetarian.about.com/od/specialoccasionrecipe1/tp/cincodemayo.htm" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Cinco de Mayo Party Recipes</a> <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Related: <a href="http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/1hc&zu=http://vegetarian.about.com/od/ethnicrecipes/qt/vegmexican.htm" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">More Vegetarian and Vegan Mexican Recipes</a></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/1hc&zu=http://vegetarian.about.com/gi/pages/stay.htm" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Subscribe to the weekly vegetarian newsletter</a><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; 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margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Happy Cinco de Mayo!</a> originally appeared on <a href="http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/1hc&zu=http://vegetarian.about.com/" style="color: #2244bb; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">About.com Vegetarian Food</a> on Monday, May 2nd, 2011 at 05:40:45.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><footer style="display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 655px;"><aside class="p_responses light" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-right: 0px; 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</ul></nav><div data-posterous-responses-for-post-id="51718701" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="p_response_container" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="" name="comment" style="color: #999999; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"></a><div class="p_responses_list clearfix" data-posterous-responses-container="" style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div></div></div><div class="p_comment_form p_logged_in" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div></aside></footer></aside></footer></article></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-80757583768739012142011-04-02T15:26:00.000-04:002011-04-02T15:26:21.342-04:00Anecdote: Charles Wesley, hymnwriter, vegetarian - discouraged from marrying lovely woman<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Charles Wesley, the hymnwriter, was vegetarian, you know. The family of the woman he married didn't like him because they felt that marrying their daughter to an itinerant vegetarian hymnwriter was unsuitable for her, not because he wasn't a lovely man, but because he was not likely to count for much over time and couldn't support her in the style to which ladies of her station should wish to become accustomed.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">They married anyway by addressing the family's most reasonable objections, and history shows that Charles Wesley became one of the most prolific and deeply revered hymnwriters of the Christian faith.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">And he was a vegetarian - one might say, a devout vegetarian.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-76603681668987515402011-04-02T11:20:00.000-04:002011-04-02T15:21:20.580-04:00Anecdote: Charles Wesley, hymnwriter, vegetarian - discouraged from marrying lovely woman<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Charles Wesley, the hymnwriter, was vegetarian, you know. The family of the woman he married didn't like him because they felt that marrying their daughter to an itinerant vegetarian hymnwriter was unsuitable for her, not because he wasn't a lovely man, but because he was not likely to count for much over time and couldn't support her in the style to which ladies of her station should wish to become accustomed.</span> <!-- multiply:no_crosspost --><p class='multiply:no_crosspost'></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-7115579918764905282011-03-19T15:04:00.001-04:002011-03-19T19:07:11.313-04:00MEATOUT 2011 BLOGGERS' VIRTUAL EVENT<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana;font-size: 12px;line-height: 18px;"><p class="Pageheaders" align="center" style="font-family: Verdana;font-size: 20px;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;">MEATOUT 2011 BLOGGERS' VIRTUAL EVENT <br><br><span class="bodytextBOLD" style="font-size: 14px;font-weight: bolder;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration: none;font-family: Verdana;">On March 20th the following bloggers will post a special blog post in honor of Meatout! We hope you enjoy visiting their sites where you'll be sure to find delicious vegan recipes, <br>vegan tips, and/or thoughtful reflection. <br>***Please note that some bloggers are also doing GIVEAWAYS!<br></span><span class="bodytextBOLD" style="font-size: 14px;font-weight: bolder;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration: none;font-family: Verdana;">Thanks so much, bloggers, for supporting Meatout! <br>If you are a blogger and would like to participate, see the bottom of this page. Thanks!<br></span><br></p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.mightyvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Mighty Vegan</span></a> (Julie Kelly)</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.lolalollipop.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Lola Lollipop</span></a> (Lara Matthews) *has already created a special <br>Meatout comic strip that you can also find on her<a href="http://on.fb.me/hXVS9U" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;"> Facebook page</span></a>. Check it out!</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.moreleaflessbeef.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Heartland</span></a> (Matthew) * is also having Meatout giveaways on his blog on 3/20</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://dontfearthevegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Don't Fear The Vegan</span></a> (the DeRobertis family) *Will be raffling off 2 canvas bags <br>custom designed for Meatout that also say - Don't Fear the Vegan!</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.veganmachine.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Machine</span></a> (Kaycee Bassett)</p><a href="http://www.melomeals.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">MeloMeals: Vegan for $3.33 a Day</span></a> (Melody Polakow)<p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.kissmeimvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Kiss Me, I'm Vegan</span></a> (Lindsay Wolf)</p><a href="http://www.actionforourplanet.org/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Action For Our Planet </span></a><span class="style1" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(Oli Dillon Squire)</span><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.hungryvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Vegan</span></a> (Vegiegail)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.hungryhungryhippie.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Hungry Hippie</span></a> (Elise)</p><div align="center"><p><a href="http://www.daisywares.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Daisy Wares</span></a> (Roni Seabury)</p><a href="http://www.weanimals.org/blog.php" target="_top" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">We Animals</span></a> (Jo Anne McArthur)</div><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.ourhenhouse.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Our Hen House </span></a>(Jasmin Singer & Mariann Sullivan)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.yourtimetravels.com/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Your Time Travels</span></a> (Liz Longacre)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.thetouristtrail.com/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Tourist Trail</span></a> (John Yunker)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.ashlandcreekpress.com/blog/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Ashland Creek Press</span></a> (Midge Raymond)</p><div align="center"><p><a href="http://theveganproject.ca/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Vegan Project</span></a> (Bridget Burns, Jennifer Hanover, and Jessica Grajczyk)</p><p class="body"><a href="http://www.traciecooksstuff.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Tracie Cooks</span></a> (Tracie Boyle)</p></div><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.vegjess.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Veg Reflections</span></a> (Jessica)</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.vgfk.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Gluten Free Karaoke</span></a> (Rachel Lee)</p><div align="center"><a href="http://www.thedirtyvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Dirty Vegan</span></a></div><p align="center"><a href="http://www.thebloomingplatter.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Blooming Platter</span></a></p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.loveoffood.ca/blog.html" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Julie Beyer's For the Love of Food</span></a> (Julie Beyer)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.theveganswedes.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Vegan Swedes</span></a> (Emma)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegvine.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Veg Vine</span></a> (Ryan Draving)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegansplendor.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Splendor</span></a> (Carol Kunze)</p><a href="http://www.thefruitpursuit.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Fruit Pursuit</span></a> (Sabine)<p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegkitchen.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">VegKitchen</span></a></p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.veganbreezy.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">My Vegan Blog</span></a> (Breezy Rondilone)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.mybigyellowbook.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">My Big Yellow Book</span></a> (Breezy Rondilone)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.cafelaura.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">LJ's Veganlicious</span></a> (Laura Jill)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.veganmiss.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Miss</span></a> (Alexis)</p><p><a href="http://www.colleenboucher.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Dinner Peace</span></a> (Colleen Boucher)</p><p><a href="http://www.theveganomaly.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Veganomaly</span></a> (Shannon Alberta)</p><p><a href="http://www.eatandtalk.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Eat & Talk</span></a> (Kelly E. Spivey)</p><a href="http://www.reverencegardens.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Reverence Gardens</span></a> (Chris)<p><a href="http://www.veganwellness.net/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Wellness</span></a> (Charlotte Cressey)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.greenderella.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Greenderella</span></a> (Franzi Schleiter) *not a 100% vegan blog, but promoting Meatout <br>& more vegan recipes every week.</p><p><a href="http://amanda-eats-slc.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Amanda Eats</span></a> (Amanda Rock)</p><p><a href="http://www.hungryvegantraveler.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Vegan Traveler</span></a> (Amanda)</p><p><a href="http://www.veglove.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegetarian</span></a> ( Xiao Kang, Terri Lynn Merritts, and Isobella Merritts)</p><p><a href="http://serendipitousvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Serendipitous Vegan</span></a> (Ashley & Richard)</p><p><a href="http://veganfazool.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Fazool </span></a>(Dawn Carlock)</p><a href="http://www.theveganversion.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Version </span></a>(Lee Khatchadourian-Reese)<p><a href="http://www.veganappetite.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Appetite</span></a> (Tami Noyes)</p><p><a href="http://bankruptvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Bankrupt Vegan</span></a> (Jen Manriquez)</p><p><a href="http://bunnybreadsurprise.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Bunny Bread Surprise</span></a> (Emily Keith)</p><a href="http://littleveganplanet.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Little Vegan Planet</span></a><p><a href="http://tenaburnett.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Tena Burnett</span></a></p><p><a href="http://opinionessoftheworld.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Opinioness of the World </span></a>(Megan Kearns)</p><p><a href="http://empire118.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Empire 118</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.beyondwillpower.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Beyond Willpower</span></a> (Alicia Birmingham)</p><p><a href="http://www.vegblogger.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">VegBlogger</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.greenlivingonline.com/blog/LindsayHutton" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Gone Vegan</span></a> (Lindsay Hutton)</p><p><a href="http://www.jamveganbakery.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">JAM Vegan Bakery</span></a> (Jesse Coyne & Mallori Simko) <br>*Will have special Meatout activities on 3/20</p><p><a href="http://vivalavegan.net/community/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Viva la Vegan!</span></a> (Leigh-Chantelle)</p><p><a href="http://www.soulveggie.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Soul Veggie</span></a> (Mark Sutton)</p><p><a href="http://www.jillofark.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Jill of Ark</span></a> (Jill Ennis)<br>* Will be raffling off a free 30-minute animal communication phone session</p><p><a href="http://www.lifeforcefoundation.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Lifeforce</span></a> (Peter Hamilton) <br>*see a special Lifeforce Meatout news pdf</p>And don't forget to check in on the <br><a href="http://www.blog.farmusa.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">FARM Blog</span></a><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>If you'd like to participate and be added to our list of Meatout bloggers, <br>please send an e-mail to <span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;"><a href="mailto:cindi@farmusa.org?subject=Vegan%20Bloggers%20for%20Meatout" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;">Cindi@farmusa.org</a></span></strong></p><p align="center"> </p></span><div><div style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Maynard </font><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">| GoogleChat: </span>Maynard.Clark</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="http://www.google.com/profiles/maynard.clark" target="_blank">Google Profile</a></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2">Maynard S. Clark, RAC</font><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><font size="2">617-615-9672 (GoogleVoice)</font><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | Skype: </span>MaynardClark</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://maynard.clark.googlepages.com/" target="_blank">Blog Links</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><a href="http://disg.by/afBWwe" target="_blank">HSPH Bioethics</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/maynardclark/" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/HarvardVegan" target="_blank">Twitter</a></span><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="http://www.facebook.com/maynard.clark/" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span></font><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/members/vegetarian/" target="_blank">MyBlogLog</a></span></p></div></div><br></span> <!-- multiply:no_crosspost --><p class='multiply:no_crosspost'></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15644701.post-88210406362546205902011-03-19T15:04:00.000-04:002011-03-19T19:06:40.289-04:00MEATOUT 2011 BLOGGERS' VIRTUAL EVENT<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana;font-size: 12px;line-height: 18px;"><p class="Pageheaders" align="center" style="font-family: Verdana;font-size: 20px;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;">MEATOUT 2011 BLOGGERS' VIRTUAL EVENT <br><br><span class="bodytextBOLD" style="font-size: 14px;font-weight: bolder;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration: none;font-family: Verdana;">On March 20th the following bloggers will post a special blog post in honor of Meatout! We hope you enjoy visiting their sites where you'll be sure to find delicious vegan recipes, <br>vegan tips, and/or thoughtful reflection. <br>***Please note that some bloggers are also doing GIVEAWAYS!<br></span><span class="bodytextBOLD" style="font-size: 14px;font-weight: bolder;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration: none;font-family: Verdana;">Thanks so much, bloggers, for supporting Meatout! <br>If you are a blogger and would like to participate, see the bottom of this page. Thanks!<br></span><br></p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.mightyvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Mighty Vegan</span></a> (Julie Kelly)</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.lolalollipop.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Lola Lollipop</span></a> (Lara Matthews) *has already created a special <br>Meatout comic strip that you can also find on her<a href="http://on.fb.me/hXVS9U" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;"> Facebook page</span></a>. Check it out!</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.moreleaflessbeef.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Heartland</span></a> (Matthew) * is also having Meatout giveaways on his blog on 3/20</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://dontfearthevegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Don't Fear The Vegan</span></a> (the DeRobertis family) *Will be raffling off 2 canvas bags <br>custom designed for Meatout that also say - Don't Fear the Vegan!</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.veganmachine.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Machine</span></a> (Kaycee Bassett)</p><a href="http://www.melomeals.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">MeloMeals: Vegan for $3.33 a Day</span></a> (Melody Polakow)<p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.kissmeimvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Kiss Me, I'm Vegan</span></a> (Lindsay Wolf)</p><a href="http://www.actionforourplanet.org/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Action For Our Planet </span></a><span class="style1" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(Oli Dillon Squire)</span><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.hungryvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Vegan</span></a> (Vegiegail)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.hungryhungryhippie.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Hungry Hippie</span></a> (Elise)</p><div align="center"><p><a href="http://www.daisywares.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Daisy Wares</span></a> (Roni Seabury)</p><a href="http://www.weanimals.org/blog.php" target="_top" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">We Animals</span></a> (Jo Anne McArthur)</div><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.ourhenhouse.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Our Hen House </span></a>(Jasmin Singer & Mariann Sullivan)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.yourtimetravels.com/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Your Time Travels</span></a> (Liz Longacre)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.thetouristtrail.com/blog" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Tourist Trail</span></a> (John Yunker)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.ashlandcreekpress.com/blog/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Ashland Creek Press</span></a> (Midge Raymond)</p><div align="center"><p><a href="http://theveganproject.ca/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Vegan Project</span></a> (Bridget Burns, Jennifer Hanover, and Jessica Grajczyk)</p><p class="body"><a href="http://www.traciecooksstuff.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Tracie Cooks</span></a> (Tracie Boyle)</p></div><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.vegjess.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Veg Reflections</span></a> (Jessica)</p><p align="center" class="body"><a href="http://www.vgfk.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Gluten Free Karaoke</span></a> (Rachel Lee)</p><div align="center"><a href="http://www.thedirtyvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Dirty Vegan</span></a></div><p align="center"><a href="http://www.thebloomingplatter.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Blooming Platter</span></a></p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.loveoffood.ca/blog.html" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Julie Beyer's For the Love of Food</span></a> (Julie Beyer)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.theveganswedes.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Vegan Swedes</span></a> (Emma)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegvine.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Veg Vine</span></a> (Ryan Draving)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegansplendor.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Splendor</span></a> (Carol Kunze)</p><a href="http://www.thefruitpursuit.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Fruit Pursuit</span></a> (Sabine)<p align="center"><a href="http://www.vegkitchen.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">VegKitchen</span></a></p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.veganbreezy.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">My Vegan Blog</span></a> (Breezy Rondilone)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.mybigyellowbook.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">My Big Yellow Book</span></a> (Breezy Rondilone)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.cafelaura.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">LJ's Veganlicious</span></a> (Laura Jill)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.veganmiss.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Miss</span></a> (Alexis)</p><p><a href="http://www.colleenboucher.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Dinner Peace</span></a> (Colleen Boucher)</p><p><a href="http://www.theveganomaly.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Veganomaly</span></a> (Shannon Alberta)</p><p><a href="http://www.eatandtalk.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Eat & Talk</span></a> (Kelly E. Spivey)</p><a href="http://www.reverencegardens.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Reverence Gardens</span></a> (Chris)<p><a href="http://www.veganwellness.net/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Wellness</span></a> (Charlotte Cressey)</p><p align="center"><a href="http://www.greenderella.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Greenderella</span></a> (Franzi Schleiter) *not a 100% vegan blog, but promoting Meatout <br>& more vegan recipes every week.</p><p><a href="http://amanda-eats-slc.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Amanda Eats</span></a> (Amanda Rock)</p><p><a href="http://www.hungryvegantraveler.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Hungry Vegan Traveler</span></a> (Amanda)</p><p><a href="http://www.veglove.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegetarian</span></a> ( Xiao Kang, Terri Lynn Merritts, and Isobella Merritts)</p><p><a href="http://serendipitousvegan.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Serendipitous Vegan</span></a> (Ashley & Richard)</p><p><a href="http://veganfazool.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Fazool </span></a>(Dawn Carlock)</p><a href="http://www.theveganversion.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Version </span></a>(Lee Khatchadourian-Reese)<p><a href="http://www.veganappetite.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Vegan Appetite</span></a> (Tami Noyes)</p><p><a href="http://bankruptvegan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Bankrupt Vegan</span></a> (Jen Manriquez)</p><p><a href="http://bunnybreadsurprise.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Bunny Bread Surprise</span></a> (Emily Keith)</p><a href="http://littleveganplanet.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Little Vegan Planet</span></a><p><a href="http://tenaburnett.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Tena Burnett</span></a></p><p><a href="http://opinionessoftheworld.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">The Opinioness of the World </span></a>(Megan Kearns)</p><p><a href="http://empire118.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Empire 118</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.beyondwillpower.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Beyond Willpower</span></a> (Alicia Birmingham)</p><p><a href="http://www.vegblogger.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">VegBlogger</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.greenlivingonline.com/blog/LindsayHutton" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Gone Vegan</span></a> (Lindsay Hutton)</p><p><a href="http://www.jamveganbakery.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">JAM Vegan Bakery</span></a> (Jesse Coyne & Mallori Simko) <br>*Will have special Meatout activities on 3/20</p><p><a href="http://vivalavegan.net/community/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Viva la Vegan!</span></a> (Leigh-Chantelle)</p><p><a href="http://www.soulveggie.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Soul Veggie</span></a> (Mark Sutton)</p><p><a href="http://www.jillofark.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Jill of Ark</span></a> (Jill Ennis)<br>* Will be raffling off a free 30-minute animal communication phone session</p><p><a href="http://www.lifeforcefoundation.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">Lifeforce</span></a> (Peter Hamilton) <br>*see a special Lifeforce Meatout news pdf</p>And don't forget to check in on the <br><a href="http://www.blog.farmusa.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;"><span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;">FARM Blog</span></a><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>If you'd like to participate and be added to our list of Meatout bloggers, <br>please send an e-mail to <span class="bodylink" style="font-weight: bold;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);text-decoration: none;font-size: 12px;"><a href="mailto:cindi@farmusa.org?subject=Vegan%20Bloggers%20for%20Meatout" style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(106, 132, 28);font-weight: normal;">Cindi@farmusa.org</a></span></strong></p><p align="center"> </p></span><div><div style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Maynard </font><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">| GoogleChat: </span>Maynard.Clark</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border-collapse: 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Clark, RAC</font><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><font size="2">617-615-9672 (GoogleVoice)</font><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | Skype: </span>MaynardClark</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://maynard.clark.googlepages.com/" target="_blank">Blog Links</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><a href="http://disg.by/afBWwe" target="_blank">HSPH Bioethics</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | </span><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/maynardclark/" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/HarvardVegan" target="_blank">Twitter</a></span><span style="border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="http://www.facebook.com/maynard.clark/" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span></font><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border-collapse: collapse;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> | <a href="http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/members/vegetarian/" target="_blank">MyBlogLog</a></span></p></div></div><br></span> <!-- multiply:no_crosspost --><p class='multiply:no_crosspost'></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Go vegan! for all the right reasons and none of the wrong reasons.</div>Maynard S. Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16520095125119187617noreply@blogger.com1